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ritten) by Lu Xun? 注意 能夠作后置定語的單個過去分詞是非 常有限的,它們是 concerned(有關(guān)的 )used (用過的 ), given(給予的 ), involved(所涉及的 )等。 The small village is surrounded by trees. (狀態(tài) ) The small village was soon surrounded by enemy soldiers. (動作 ) 系表結(jié)構(gòu) : a. 常用一般現(xiàn)在或一般過去時態(tài); b. 一般不帶狀語; c. 可以有不及物動詞的過去分詞?,F(xiàn)在分詞表示 “ 令人 … 的 ” ,過去分詞表示 “ 感到 … ” , 如: The news was exciting. He appeared satisfied with my answer. 表語 注①: 已經(jīng)成為 形容詞 的分詞,可以用 very 修飾;沒有完全成為形容詞的分詞宜用 much 或 quite, 有時也可用 very much,如 : I’m very much pleased. He’s very much worried about his health. 注意 注意 注②: 過去分詞作表語時,應(yīng)注 意與被動結(jié)構(gòu)的區(qū)別。高三英語總復習語法系列訓練 分 詞 河北望都中學 鄭長年 現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞 1 構(gòu)成 2 功能 3 時態(tài) 4 語態(tài) 5 獨立結(jié)構(gòu) 6 區(qū)別 一、構(gòu)成形式 主動形式 被動形式 一般式 doing being done 完成式 having done having been done △ 過去分詞只有一種形式 (v+ed)。 △ 現(xiàn)在分詞 ( 否定式 not +分詞 ) : 二、 語法功 能 1.作表語 2.作定語 3.作狀語 4.作賓語補足語 現(xiàn)在 分詞多表示 主語 所具有的 特征或?qū)傩?;過去 分詞多表示 主語 所處的 狀態(tài) 。 系表結(jié)構(gòu) 說明主語的 狀態(tài) 或具有的性質(zhì)、特點; 被動結(jié)構(gòu) 強調(diào)謂語動作,指主語所承受的 動作 。 被動結(jié)構(gòu) : a. 有多種時態(tài),常與主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)一致; b. 可以帶時間、方式或 by 短語作狀語 ; c. 必須是及物動詞 。這些詞也可作前置定語,但所表達的意思有所不同。另外,一般不用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式作定語 下列句子都是錯的: Here is Mr. Li ing from Beijing. (應(yīng)改為 who has e from Beijing) Those having finished their work can go home now. (應(yīng)改為 who have finished) The man giving us a lecture last week left for Shenzhen this morning. (應(yīng)改為 who gave us) ⑦ 系動詞的現(xiàn)在分詞形式不可用作后置定語,此時要用從句來表示 ,如: Those being busy don’t have to go. (應(yīng)改為Those who are busy don’t have to go.) His brother being a PLA man is 18 years old. (應(yīng)改為 who is) ⑧ 不及物動詞的過去分詞不可用作后置定語,若要表示這個意思要用從句 ,如: The lion died in this zoo the other day was a mother lion. (應(yīng)改為 which/that died) 狀語 分詞作狀語說明謂語動詞表示的動作發(fā)生的時間、原因、條件、結(jié)果、伴隨情況、行為方式或?qū)χ^語加以補充說明等。 分詞作狀語時,它的邏輯主語 必須 與句子的主語保持一致。 (一 ) 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語 ① 現(xiàn)在分詞 作伴隨狀語 ,表示 陪襯性的動作或伴隨情況 例如: The children ran out of the room, laughing and talking merrily. They stood there for an hour watching the game. She sat at the desk reading a newspaper. 注意 a. 分詞表示的必須是主語的一個動作; b. 分詞表示的動作和謂語表示的動作(或狀態(tài))是 同時 發(fā)生的; c. 分詞表示的是比較次要的動作,對謂語表示的動作或狀態(tài)加以說明; d. 大部分放在謂語之后; e. 分詞有時可以與句子的其他部分用逗號隔開。 其他參考上述 ac ) , 如: Following the guide, they started to climb. Working this way, they greatly reduced the cost. Travelling by jeep, we visited a number of cities. ③ 現(xiàn)在分詞作 原因 狀語, 表示原因或理由 如: Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave them a note. Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her. Being so poor in those days, we couldn’t afford to send the boy to hospital. 注意 如果分詞表示的動作在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生,則要用完成形式 Having worked among the peasants for many years, he knew them very well. Not having received an answer, he decided to write another letter. Having lived in Berlin many years, he knew the city well. ④ 現(xiàn)在分詞作 時間狀語 ( 相當于 when 引導的從句 ) , 如: Turning around, she saw a police car driving up. Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy. Seeing those pictures, he couldn’t help thinking of those days in Yan’an. 注意 注①: 這里分詞表示的是一個極短暫的動作,這動作一發(fā)生,謂語動詞所表示的動作立即發(fā)生。如果兩個動作是完全同時發(fā)生的,多用 when 或 while + 分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu) 如: Be careful when crossing the street. Don’t mention this while talking to him. 注意 注② : 如果要強調(diào)謂語動詞的動作發(fā)生時,分詞的動作已經(jīng) 完成 ,這個分詞要用 完成形式 (having done) 如: Having arrived at a decision, they immediately set to work. Having heard this, the woman astronaut expressed her satisfaction. 如: Her husband died in 1942, leaving her with five children. (結(jié)果 ) The bus was held up by snowstorm, thus causing the delay. (結(jié)果 ) Working hard, you will succeed. (條件 ) Turning to the left, you will find the path leading to the site. (條件 ) Weighing almost one hundred jin, the stone was moved by him alone. (讓步 ) ⑤ 現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語還可以 表示結(jié)果、條件和讓步 (二 ) 過去分詞作狀語 ⑥ 過去分詞短語 作狀語 ,可以修飾謂語,說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情況 Built in 1192, the bridge is over 700 years old. Led by the party, the people have improved their living conditions greatly. Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the room. The trainer appeared, followed by six little dogs. ⑦ 過去分詞短語 表示原因 ( 相當于一個原因狀語從句 ) The children, exhausted, fell asleep at once. He soon fell asleep, exhausted by the journey. (= as he was exhausted…) ⑧ 過去分詞短語有時可以 表示時間 (相當于時間狀語從句)和 條件 (相當于條件狀語從句) United, we stand。需要注意的是 , 省略的主語必須和主句的