【正文】 的平價(jià)：國(guó)際貨幣基金對(duì)于外匯匯率采取平價(jià)制度，規(guī)定各會(huì)員國(guó)均須設(shè)定本國(guó)貨幣的平價(jià)。各國(guó)外匯買賣價(jià)格上下變動(dòng)，不得超過(guò)平價(jià)的1％。至于經(jīng)基金公布的平價(jià)，非經(jīng)基金同意不得變更。若整幅度在平價(jià)的10％以內(nèi)時(shí)，會(huì)員國(guó)得自行調(diào)整后，由基金予以追認(rèn)。此種平價(jià)制度就是“可調(diào)整的盯住匯率”。 [編輯]Data Dissemination Systems In 1995, the International Monetary Fund began work on data dissemination standards with the view of guiding IMF member countries to disseminate their economic and financial data to the public. The International Monetary and Financial Committee (IMFC) endorsed the guidelines for the dissemination standards and they were split into two tiers: The General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) and the Special Data Dissemination Standard (SDDS). The International Monetary Fund executive board approved the SDDS and GDDS in 1996 and 1997 respectively and subsequent amendments were published in a revised “Guide to the General Data Dissemination System”. The system is aimed primarily at statisticians and aims to improve many aspects of statistical systems in a country. It is also part of the World Bank Millennium Development Goals and Poverty Reduction Strategic Papers. The IMF established a system and standard to guide members in the dissemination to the public of their economic and financial data. Currently there are two such systems: General Data Dissemination System (GDDS) and its superset Special Data Dissemination System(SDDS), for those member countries having or seeking access to international capital markets. The primary objective of the GDDS is to encourage IMF member countries to build a framework to improve data quality and increase statistical capacity building. This will involve the preparation of metadata describing current statistical collection practices and setting improvement plans. Upon building a framework, a country can evaluate statistical needs, set priorities in improving the timeliness, transparency, reliability and accessibility of financial and economic data. Some countries initially used the GDDS, but lately upgraded to SDDS. Some entities that are not themselves IMF members also contribute statistical data to the systems: Hong Kong – SDDS s Executive Board. After its consideration, the Executive Board will submit a report to the Board of Governors of the IMF with remendations in the form of a Membership Resolution. These remendations cover the amount of quota in the IMF, the form of payment of the subscription, and other customary terms and conditions of membership. After the Board of Governors has adopted the Membership Resolution, the applicant state needs to take the legal steps required under its own law to enable it to sign the IMF39。s sovereign bonds.[5] A member39。s member countries agreed to the first round of ad hoc quota increases for four countries, including China. On March 28, 2008, the IMF39。s governance that would shift quota and voting shares from advanced to emerging markets and developing countries. The Fund39。 quotas and voting power, and Board of Governors Table showing the top 21 member countries in terms of voting power:[6] IMF Member CountryQuota: Millions of SDRsQuota: Percentage of TotalGovernorAlternate GovernorVotes: NumberVotes: Percentage of Total AustraliaWayne SwanKen Henry32614 BelgiumGuy QuadenJeanPierre Arnoldi46302 BrazilGuido MantegaHenrique de Campos Meirelles30611 CanadaJim FlahertyMark Carney63942 ChinaZHOU XiaochuanHU Xiaolian81151 FranceChristine LagardeChristian Noyer107635 GermanyPeer Steinbr252。n CarstensGuillermo Ortiz31778 Netherlands. Wellink. van Geest51874 Russian FederationAleksei KudrinSergey Ignatiev59704 Saudi ArabiaIbrahim A. AlAssafHamad AlSayari70105 SpainPedro SolbesMiguel Fern225。?ez30739 SwedenStefan IngvesPer Jansson24205 SwitzerlandJeanPierre RothHansRudolf Merz34835 United KingdomAlistair DarlingMervyn King107635 United StatesHenry PaulsonBen Bernanke371743 VenezuelaGast243。s 185 member countries. Member states with balance of payments problems, which often arise from these difficulties, may request loans to help fill gaps between what countries earn and/or are able to borrow from other official lenders and what countries must spend to operate, including to cover the cost of importing basic goods and services. In return, countries are usually required to launch certain reforms, which have often been dubbed the Washington Consensus. These reforms are generally required because countries with fixed exchange rate policies can engage in fiscal, monetary, and political practices which may lead to the crisis itself. For example, nations with severe budget deficits, rampant inflation, strict price controls, or significantly overvalued or undervalued currencies run the risk of facing balance of payment crises. Thus, the structural adjustment programs are at least ostensibly intended to ensure that the IMF is actually helping to prevent financial crises rather than merely funding financial recklessness. [edit] IMF/World Bank support of military dictatorships The role of the Bretton Woods institutions has been controversial since the late Cold War period, as the IMF policy makers supported military dictatorships friendly to American and European corporations. Critics also claim that the IMF is generally apathetic or hostile to their views of democracy, human rights, and labor rights. The controversy has helped spark the antiglobalization movement. Arguments in favor of the IMF say that economic stability is a precursor to democracy, however critics highlight various examples in which democratized countries fell after receiving IMF loans.[7] In the 60’s, the IMF and the World Bank supported the government of Brazil’s military dictator Castello Branco with tens of millions of dollars of loans and credit that were denied to previous democraticallyelected governments.[8] Countries that were or