【正文】 習(xí)積累經(jīng)驗(yàn)。從認(rèn)知心理學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)看，個(gè)體經(jīng)驗(yàn)可引起認(rèn)知沖突和解決認(rèn)知沖突，促進(jìn)認(rèn)知的發(fā)展。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，兒童解決沖突和應(yīng)對(duì)沖突的策略也隨之增加。筆者通過(guò)調(diào)查訪談 92 名來(lái)自北京、日照、錦州、重慶四城市的在職幼兒園教師發(fā)現(xiàn)，幼兒園教師在解決幼兒沖突的過(guò)程中通常扮演四種類型的角色，即控制者、指導(dǎo)者、教育者和維護(hù)者。其通常做法是詢問(wèn)沖突起因，判斷誰(shuí)是誰(shuí)非，指出各自的問(wèn)題，告訴沖突雙方應(yīng)該怎么做。他們常作為旁觀者關(guān)注事態(tài)的發(fā)展，當(dāng)沖突升級(jí)或幼兒無(wú)法解決沖突時(shí)，給幼兒一些解決沖突的建議或提示，由幼兒自己解決沖突。 維護(hù)者是指教師在日常教育活動(dòng)中，尤其是在一些容易發(fā)生沖突的環(huán)節(jié)，對(duì)幼兒的不當(dāng)行為及時(shí)給予提醒，減少可能導(dǎo)致沖突的因素，維護(hù)良好的活動(dòng)環(huán)境，將沖突消滅在萌芽狀態(tài)。同一教師處在不同的幼兒沖突狀態(tài)，面對(duì)不同的沖突對(duì)象，其扮演的角色不盡相同。從兒童心理健康發(fā)展看，解決沖突的目標(biāo)不是消滅沖突或預(yù)防沖突的發(fā)生 ，而是讓幼兒通過(guò)體驗(yàn)和學(xué)習(xí)選擇適宜的方法化解沖突，發(fā)展幼兒主動(dòng)建構(gòu)和自我解決沖突的能力，從而提升兒童的社會(huì)交往能力、親社會(huì)行為和社會(huì)適應(yīng)能力，促進(jìn)幼兒社會(huì)性的發(fā)展。 （一）作為指導(dǎo)者的幼兒園教師 新鄉(xiāng)學(xué)院?？飘厴I(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 7 幼兒園教師應(yīng)是兒童發(fā)展的指導(dǎo)者。在面對(duì)幼兒沖突時(shí)，幼兒園教師扮演指導(dǎo)者的角色，引導(dǎo)、幫助幼兒掌握解決沖突的策略和技能。〔 4〕可以說(shuō)，指導(dǎo)有兩層含義：首先，指導(dǎo)并不代替?zhèn)€人解決問(wèn)題，只是幫助個(gè)人去解決問(wèn)題。因此，指導(dǎo)者不是控制者，不能替代兒童思考和作出決定，而應(yīng)該引導(dǎo)和幫助兒童擺脫自我 中心，增加社會(huì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，掌握社會(huì)技能，完成自我成長(zhǎng)。 當(dāng)沖突發(fā)生時(shí)，幼兒園教師可先當(dāng)“旁觀者”，關(guān)注事態(tài)的發(fā)展，讓幼兒自己去 處理。美國(guó)心理學(xué)家 .海和 （ 1982）研究 21 個(gè)月大的嬰幼兒發(fā)現(xiàn)，嬰幼兒在游戲過(guò)程中發(fā)生的沖突 79%是在無(wú)成人干預(yù)下由自己終止的。事實(shí)上幼兒處理沖突的能力超出我們的想象。當(dāng)有成人在場(chǎng)時(shí)，孩子通常會(huì)尋求成人的幫助來(lái)解決爭(zhēng)端，而不以他們自己的方式獨(dú)立解決沖突。 2．在幼兒遇到困難時(shí)提供必要的幫助。因不同年齡、不同發(fā)展水平的兒童的能力存在差異，教師適當(dāng)?shù)膸椭吞崾居兄诮煌锣l(xiāng)學(xué)院?？飘厴I(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 8 能力較弱、性格內(nèi)向的幼兒解決沖突，提高解決沖突 的自信心。成人的經(jīng)驗(yàn)代替不了兒童自己的體驗(yàn)，只有讓幼兒親自嘗試和實(shí)踐，幼兒才能從一次次事件中總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，完成“去自我中心”，習(xí)得交往技巧，積累解決沖突的策略。 。而達(dá)到這一目的的關(guān)鍵是針對(duì)不同幼兒的個(gè)性及沖突發(fā)生的情況，指導(dǎo)幼兒掌握沖突處理的有效方式和 策略，培養(yǎng)以和平的方式化解沖突的意識(shí)。比如，幼兒園教師要指導(dǎo)幼兒學(xué)會(huì)如何表達(dá)希望玩小朋友手中的玩具，如何請(qǐng)求小朋友同意加入到游戲中，如何采用折中方法達(dá)到自己的愿望，等等。經(jīng)驗(yàn)表明，在兒童學(xué)習(xí)如何有效處理交往沖突的過(guò)程中，教師的教育至關(guān)重要。幼兒園教師的教育者作用主要體現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面： （包括理解他人情感和行為）的能力。在日常生活中，我們常常遇到不少兒童以自我為中心，按照自己的意愿行事，最終引發(fā)爭(zhēng)執(zhí)和沖突的現(xiàn)象。在教學(xué)實(shí)踐中，教師可借新鄉(xiāng)學(xué)院?？飘厴I(yè)論文（設(shè)計(jì)） 9 助故事、圖畫(huà)書(shū)、動(dòng)畫(huà)片或設(shè)計(jì)一些發(fā)生在兒童身邊的故事，在小組或全班開(kāi)展討論活動(dòng)，請(qǐng)小朋友發(fā)表自己的看法，聽(tīng)取他人的想法，逐漸學(xué)習(xí)理解他人的感受，或通過(guò)移情訓(xùn)練讓幼兒學(xué)習(xí)換位思考，體驗(yàn)他人的情感狀態(tài)，學(xué)習(xí)尊重他人?！?7〕 。幼兒的親社會(huì)行為通常可采取榜樣示范、移情訓(xùn)練、正強(qiáng)化、合作性游戲等方式進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練和培養(yǎng)。通過(guò)引導(dǎo)，幼兒對(duì)榜樣進(jìn)行模仿、學(xué)習(xí)，建立良好行為。通過(guò)開(kāi)展移情 訓(xùn)練讓幼兒體驗(yàn)他人情感，促使幼兒改變錯(cuò)誤認(rèn)知，形成較為穩(wěn)定的親社會(huì)行為。 。交往技能和交往策略運(yùn)用能力的高低，直接關(guān)系到?jīng)_突解決結(jié)果。情景訓(xùn)練和角色扮演是直觀而有效的訓(xùn)練方法。角色扮演是幼兒樂(lè)于參加的游戲活動(dòng)，通過(guò)扮演不同角色，幼兒既可體驗(yàn)不同角色，學(xué)習(xí)換位思考，在愉快的游戲過(guò)程中形成正確的行為，又可將其習(xí)得的技能與行為遷移到其他生活場(chǎng)景。s Shaanxi province pass through a stop on the ancient Silk Road, Gansu39。80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn39。t have a formal stage. The audience just sat on the grass. Usually, the performances became a big party with local people joining in. For him, the rewarding part about touring isn39。s performers of the troupe still tour the region39。s Poly Theater. Their show, titled Ulan Muqir on the Grassland, depicted the history and development of the art troupe. Being from the region allowed me to embrace the culture of Inner Mongolia and being a member of the troupe showed me where I belonged, Nasun, the art troupe39。s Liaoning province, decades ago. The solider gave the old man a handmade saddle when they bid farewell. The story inspired Nasun to write Carved Saddle, a song that later became one of his most popular numbers. Now, every year, Nasun recruits young singers and dancers for the troupe. The troupe has also designed a new repertoire, which is mostly based on the daily lives of Mongolian people, especially the lives of nomadic families, and has bined contemporary musical elements with folk songs of the region. Haimu, a 25yearold khoomei (a local variant of overtone singing) singer, joined the troupe three years ago. Along with a sixmember band, he performs fast songs and soft ones that he writes－ all while playing the horsehead fiddle.Although I learned the piano since childhood and grew up listening to various kinds of music, to me, the folk music of Inner Mongolia is the root, he says. Performing in remote villages is pleasant. I feel at home on the boundless grasslands, and the warm people there make me feel fulfilled. The first round of spring auction season in Beijing ended last week, but it failed to create much spring in the art market. Although two pieces of Chinese painting fetched more than 100 million yuan, the decline in trading volume and sa le rate showed a downturn this year. In the ―Grand View: Chinese Painting Highlight‖ session at China Guardian 2022 spring auctions, Pan Tianshou’s representative work Eagle, Rock and Flora hit a record auction price of 279 million yuan, while Li Keran’s masterwork Jinggang Mountain fetched million yuan, an unexpected high in recent years. However, the trading volume fells to billion yuan from billion yuan in the same period the year before. The Huangchen 2022 Spring Auctions, which recorded million yuan in total sales, experienced the same. The section number went down to 5 from