【正文】 no longer what it used to be. 這個城市不再是以前那個樣子了。 That is because he was ill. (because 表原因 ) 那是因為他病了。 As if 引導(dǎo)的表語從句有時可用虛擬語氣，表示可能性小。 表示建議，命令，要求一類的表語從句要用虛擬語氣： My suggestion is that you should practise reading English every day. 我的建議就是你應(yīng)該每天練習(xí)讀英語。 作動詞的賓語： He doesn’t know where the post office is. 他不知道郵局在哪兒。 ) I suggested that you (should)start right now. 我建議你應(yīng)該馬上開始。 I thought it strange that he didn’t pass the exam. 我認(rèn)為他沒通過考試很不可思議。 I don’t think you are right. 我想你是不對的。 作 介詞的賓語 : Did she say anything about how we should do the work? 他講了我們應(yīng)該怎樣做這個工作了嗎？ that 引導(dǎo)的賓語從句只有在 except, in, but, besides 等少數(shù)介詞后偶爾可能用到。 有時在介詞和其賓語從句的中間加形式賓語 it. I’ll see to it that everything is ready. 我將負(fù)責(zé)把一切準(zhǔn)備好。 當(dāng) if 和 whether 引導(dǎo)賓語從句的區(qū)別，即用 whether 不用 if 的情況： a. 作介詞賓語 It depends on whether it is fine. 這取決于天氣是否好。 c. Whether or not He cannot decide whether or not take the exam. 他不能決定是否參加考試。 e. doubt 用于肯定句中，賓語從句可以用 if 或 whether 引導(dǎo)。 f. doubt 用于否定句或疑問句中，賓語從句用 that 引導(dǎo)。 四、同位語從句：同位語從句跟在一個名詞后（如 fact, idea, news, hope, belief, thought, dou bt, proof, belief 等） ，對其作進(jìn)一步解釋。 He cant answer the question how he got the money. 他答不出來他是從哪兒弄的錢。 ② 從結(jié)構(gòu)上講，前者由連接詞引導(dǎo)，后者由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。后者所限定的名詞是從句邏輯上的主語、賓語、表語、定語、狀語等。 The news that you told us yesterday is true.（定語從句， news 是 told 的邏輯賓語 , that 可省略） 你昨天告訴我們的消息是真的。如： The sun keeps us warm. 太陽使我們暖和。 You must get your hair cut. 你必須把頭發(fā)剪了。 形容詞作賓補(bǔ) He had a strange way of making his class lively and interesting. 他有一個奇怪的辦法能使他的課生動有趣。 介詞短語作賓補(bǔ) To her surprise, she found herself in a different world. 令她吃驚的是，她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己在一個不同的世界里。 過去分詞 I was absentminded when I heard my name called. 當(dāng)我聽到被叫的時候正心不在焉呢。 2) 省略 to 的不定式 We saw the car stop. 我們看見車停了。 被動語態(tài) : The car was seen to stop. 車被看到停了下來。 感官動詞 :see watch notice look at observe feel hear listen to 使役動詞 : make let have 一感二聽三讓四觀看 一感： feel 二聽： hear, listen to 三讓： let, have, make 四觀看： observe, see, watch, look at 從句作賓補(bǔ) We will make our hometown what your hometown is now. 我們將會把我們的家鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)成你們家鄉(xiāng)現(xiàn)在的樣子。 We think it our duty that we should help the poor. 我們認(rèn)為幫助窮人是我們的義務(wù)。 一、謂語只能用單數(shù)的情況 : 學(xué)科和某些專有名詞。 I think politics is very hard. 我認(rèn)為政治很難。 Each…and each… ； every…and every… ； no+單數(shù)名詞； more than one（不止一個），但 each作復(fù)數(shù)主語的同位語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 These children each have an apple. 這些孩子每人有一個蘋果。 To study hard is our duty. 努力學(xué)習(xí)是我們的任務(wù)。 Why he dislikes her is very clear. 為什么他不喜歡她是很清楚的。 Not only he but also I am bright. 不僅他聰明我也聰明。 就前原則：主謂后有 as well as， besides， except， with 遵守該原則。 These students besides Lucy have done their homework. 這些學(xué)生，包括露西，都已經(jīng)完成了作業(yè)。 Population of the earth is increasing. 地球上的人口在增加。 （ a） part of；分?jǐn)?shù)（百分?jǐn)?shù)） of 做主語，由 of 后名詞單復(fù)數(shù)決定謂語單復(fù)數(shù)。 A part of the passage has been read. 一半的文章已 經(jīng)看完了。 What we need is a teacher. 我們所需要的就是一位老師。 Who is dancing？ Li Ming is. 誰在跳舞？ 李明。 The girl who is singing es from Japan.（先行詞 the girl 分別決定從句和主句謂語） 正在唱歌的女孩來自日本。 表示 “時間、重量、長度、價值 ”的復(fù)數(shù)名詞；集合名詞如： public， family， team， group，謂語用單數(shù)；若當(dāng)個體看，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 One thousand kilos of meat is very heavy. 一千公斤的肉是很重的。 His family are all music lovers. 他一家人都是音樂愛好者。 ② 以下幾種情況謂語用單數(shù)： and 連接兩種不同物質(zhì)做主語，該物質(zhì)被看作混合體； and 連接兩個單數(shù)名詞，若指同一人、物、概念； and 連接的兩個部件組成的一副用具做主語。 The doctor and teacher is swimming.（醫(yī)生兼老師，指同一人） 這個醫(yī)生、教師正在游泳。 The suit of clothes is mine. 這套衣服是我的。 the+形容詞（ rich， poor… ）表一類人，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 直接引語和間接引語 引述或轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話稱為 “引語 ”。那么直 接引語為陳述句、一般疑問句、特殊疑問句和祈使句，轉(zhuǎn)換為間接引語時，句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，人稱、時態(tài)、時間狀語和地點狀語等都要有變化，如何變化呢 ? 一、人稱的轉(zhuǎn)變 直接引語中的第一人稱，一般轉(zhuǎn)換為第三人稱，如： He said， “I am very sorry. ” He said that he was very sorry. 直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對轉(zhuǎn)述人說的，轉(zhuǎn)換為第一人稱，如： “You should be more careful next time, ”my father told me. My father told me that I should be more careful the next time. 直接引語中的第二人稱，如果原話是針對第三人稱說的，轉(zhuǎn)換成第三人稱。 二、時態(tài)的轉(zhuǎn)換 直接引語改為間接引語時，主句中的謂語動詞如果是過去時，從句 (即間接引語部分 )的謂語動詞在時態(tài)方面要作相應(yīng)的變化，變成過去時范疇的各種時態(tài) (實際也是賓語從句的時態(tài)要求 )，變化如下： 一般現(xiàn)在時 一般過去時 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時 過去進(jìn)行時 現(xiàn)在完成時 過去完成時 一般將來時 過去 將來時 一般過去時 過去完成時 過去完成時 不變 過去進(jìn)行時 不變 如： ① “I am very glad to visit your school”, she said. She said she was very glad to visit our school. ② Tom said, “We are listening to the pop music. ” Tom said that they were listening to the pop music. ③ Mother asked, “Have you finished your homework before you watch TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. ④ He asked the conductor, “Where shall I get off to change to a No. 3 bus?” He asked the conductor where he would get off to change to a No. 3 bus. ⑤ “Why did she refuse to go there?” the teacher asked. The teacher asked why she had refused to go there. ⑥ Mother asked me, “Had you finished your homework before you watched TV?” Mother asked me whether I had finished my homework before I watched TV. ⑦ Tom said, “We were having a football match this time yesterday. ” Tom said that they were having a football match that time the day before. ⑧ He said， “I haven’t heard from my parents these days. ” He said that he hadn’t heard from his parents those days. 三、時間狀語、地點狀語及某些對比性的指示代詞和動詞變化 地點狀語： here there 動詞： e go bring take 如： ① She said, “I won’t go there any more. ” She said she wouldn’t e here any more. ② He said, “This will be finished tomorrow. ” He said that would be finished the next day. ③ Paul said, “I visited China last year. ” Paul said he had visited China the year before. 四、直接引語變成間接引語時，從句時態(tài)無須改變 當(dāng)主句的謂語動詞是一般現(xiàn)在時的時候，如： He always says, “I am tired out. ”