完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)市場(chǎng)行為薩繆爾遜經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)第十八版微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-浙江財(cái)經(jīng)學(xué)院-在線瀏覽
2025-07-14 02:33本頁(yè)面
【正文】 價(jià)市場(chǎng)機(jī)制 ? 對(duì)于市場(chǎng)機(jī)制的重新認(rèn)識(shí)； ? 產(chǎn)權(quán)制度的效率； ? 市場(chǎng)失靈問(wèn)題； ? 政府對(duì)于經(jīng)濟(jì)的干預(yù)。 Vilfredo Pareto 18481923 65 51 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? An economy is clearly inefficient if it operates inside the PPF and no one need suffer a decline in utility by moving to the PPF. ? Therefore, at a minimum, an efficient economy is on its PPF. Butter U 65 52 Butter ? ? ? ? ? 生產(chǎn)可能性邊界 ? Noheless, allocative efficiency goes one step further and requires not only that the right mix of goods be produced but also that these goods be allocated among consumers to maximize consumer satisfaction. 65 53 競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性均衡的效率 效率 生產(chǎn)的效率 配置的效率 資源配置效率 產(chǎn)品配置效率 65 54 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)均衡時(shí)的效率 ? 完全競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的長(zhǎng)期均衡可以同時(shí)滿足：生產(chǎn)的效率和配置的效率（包括配置資源和配置產(chǎn)品）。 65 55 凈經(jīng)濟(jì)所得 P* A B E O Q* P P 生產(chǎn)付出的總成本 (負(fù)效用 )為 AEQ*O面積，得到的總效用為 BEQ*O面積，凈經(jīng)濟(jì)收益為 BEA面積。 MC = SS 65 56 眾多消費(fèi)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Person A Person B Industry P* 65 57 需求曲線反映社會(huì)的利益 ? 需求曲線反映了消費(fèi)者的邊際效用。 65 58 眾多生產(chǎn)者的均衡 Quantity Quantity Quantity Price Price Price Firm A Firm B Industry P* 65 59 供給曲線反映了社會(huì)的成本 ? 供給曲線反映了生產(chǎn)者的邊際成本。 65 60 社會(huì)利益等與社會(huì)成本 ? The supply curve reflects the costs of production and therefore must reflect the social costs of producing the product. ? In a perfectly petitive market, equilibrium occurs where supply intersects demand so that social benefits equal social costs. 65 61 Marginal Cost = Marginal Benefit ? At this equilibrium point, the marginal cost of production exactly equals the marginal benefit or utility of consumption. ? We know this to be true because from consumer theory, we know that consumers choose purchases up to the point where price equals marginal utility. ? Therefore, MU or P must equal MC. 65 62 眾多市場(chǎng)的均衡 ? Utilitymaximizing consumers spread their dollars among different goods until the marginal utility of the last dollar is equalized for each good consumed. ? Then the MUs, which are equal to the Ps, will be equal to the MCs. 65 63 邊際成本定價(jià)的中心作用 ? Only when prices are equal to marginal costs is the economy squeezing (壓榨 ) the maximum output and satisfaction from its scarce resources (稀缺資源 ) of land, labor, and capital. ? Onl
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