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【正文】 stems ? Typically costs $10 million or more ? Traditionally found in government labs Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 50 Years of Speed Increases ENIAC 350 flops Today 1 trillion flops Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Systems 1 Billion Times Faster ? Processors are 1 million times faster ? Combine thousands of processors ? Parallel puter ?Multiple processors ?Supports parallel programming ? Parallel puting = Using a parallel puter to execute a program faster Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Modern Parallel Computers ? Caltech’s Cosmic Cube (Seitz and Fox) ? Commercial copycats ?nCUBE Corporation ?Intel’s Superputer Systems Division ?Lots more ? Thinking Machines Corporation Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Why Didn’t Everybody Buy One? ? Superputer ? ? CPUs ?Computation rate ? throughput ?Inadequate I/O ? Software ?Inadequate operating systems ?Inadequate programming environments Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Commercial Parallel Systems ? Relatively costly per processor ? Primitive programming environments ? Focus on mercial sales ? Scientists looked for alternative Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative ? . nuclear policy changes ?Moratorium on testing ?Production of new weapons halted ? Numerical simulations needed to maintain existing stockpile ? Five superputers costing up to $100 million each Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Seeking Concurrency ? Data dependence graphs ? Data parallelism ? Functional parallelism ? Pipelining Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Data Parallelism ? Independent tasks apply same operation to different elements of a data set ? Okay to perform operations concurrently for i ? 0 to 99 do a[i] ? b[i] + c[i] endfor Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Pipelining ? Divide a process into stages ? Produce several items simultaneously Copyright 169。 The McGrawHill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Data Clustering ? Data mining = looking for meaningful patterns in large data sets ? Data clustering = anizing a data set into clusters of “s
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