【正文】 洗出來的精煉油 )。有臭味的油具有的顏色、氣味、味道都是獨(dú)一無二的 ,其原料以及所有類似的物質(zhì) (包括生物活性物 )都是土生土長的。 whilst at worst, the wastewater is deposing in these facilities and bees even more poisonous when dumped into water bodies. Such industrial wastewaters are mostly polluted, especially with organic substances。一些存在凈化設(shè)備的地方是很久以前建立的而且是為生活污水凈化而設(shè)計(jì)的。 這些工業(yè) 污水 大多受到污染 ，特別是有機(jī)物的污染；當(dāng)前的凈化設(shè)備不能達(dá)到衛(wèi)生要求。這些物質(zhì)排放到 水體 中促進(jìn)了腐爛 過程，病原菌污染了水體 ，導(dǎo)致水惡臭并且對動(dòng)植物產(chǎn)生影響。 The purpose of the present study is to assess the condition of wastewaters pertaining to the production of cooking oil and to develop an effective and lowcost method for purification of wastewaters and utilisation of other oil productionrelated wastes which would ply with environmental safety requirements. 本研究的目的是評估 食用油工業(yè)產(chǎn)生的 污水 情況和開發(fā)一種高效、低成本的方法來利用市面上其他油類 污水 ，并且達(dá)到 環(huán)保安全要求 。 the appearance of the substance resembles shaken emulsion of suspended substances in the form of tiny flakes having a sharp unpleasant smell of rancid fat exposed to rotting processes. 以研究為基礎(chǔ)，我們通過烏克蘭的植物油生產(chǎn) 企業(yè)選擇廢棄的污水，那些企業(yè)的凈化設(shè)施由于工藝缺陷幾乎不用。 從今天開始 ， 主要問題是這些設(shè)備在生產(chǎn)過程中大量排放的污水。 事先未經(jīng)凈化的污水不可能 排放 在開放的水體中。 污水特色是高度的渾濁 (渾濁 )；外表類似懸浮液搖動(dòng)后 的 乳濁液 ，以微小的鱗片 形式存在，并有腐敗過程產(chǎn)生的難聞的腐臭氣味。 烹飪產(chǎn)生的含油 污水 質(zhì)量 的 評價(jià) (污染物質(zhì) 的指標(biāo) )采用物理和化學(xué)的分析方法。 Table 1. Quality indicators of wastewaters from the examined oilproducing facilities 表 1 從含 油 污水 設(shè)備 中檢查出的質(zhì)量指標(biāo) No. Wastewater indicator quality Measuring unit Values(de facto) Values(normal) 1 Iron (general) mg/dm179。 3 Phosphates mg/dm179。 15 5 Dry residue mg/dm179。 substances (anionic) 7 Fats mg/dm179。 15 9 pH value mg/dm179。 2 氨 mg/dm179。 4 懸浮物 mg/dm179。 200 6 表面合成物質(zhì) (陰離子 ) 活性的 mg/dm179。 8 BOD5 氧 mg/dm179。 In order to determine BOD5, a neutralisation of the examined water sample was made and the water sample was dissolved using a specially prepared, oxygensaturated water containing nutrients。 = 20177。С without air and light access in an entirely filled and corked bottle。 turbidity of the water sample was determined using the photometric method of analysis (turbidimetric method). 為了確定 BOD5, 制作經(jīng)檢測水樣的中和液 ，然后倒入一種特別的準(zhǔn)備好的、含飽和氧、含有機(jī)物的水；保持水樣一段時(shí)間（ 5 天）恒溫 20177。 For identification of fat content of wastewaters, the thinlayer chromatography method was applied with silica gel ―H‖ plates produced by Merk pany, layer thickness = mm. Chromatography was made in the following systems: 為辨認(rèn)污水 中 脂肪的含量 ， 薄層色譜法 應(yīng)用 默克公司生產(chǎn)的 硅膠 ―H‖板 ， 厚度 =。 proportions: 8515103. 方法 1： 氯仿 ： 甲醇 ： 25%的硝酸銨水溶液 ：比例 :65252。 After preliminary neutralisation and deposition of sulphates, the wastewater (qty = 50 mcL) was applied on the plate in right lower angle. After drying, the plate was inserted into the chromatographic chamber filled with a system of solvents for Direction 1. After the F1 Solvent Front was passed, the plate was removed and airdried. Then it was turned over 90176。 經(jīng)過干燥 ， 感光片 插入到裝滿方法 1溶液的色譜 儀內(nèi)。 接著 順時(shí)針轉(zhuǎn) 90度和最初的進(jìn)行比較，再一次插入到裝滿方法 2溶液的色譜儀內(nèi)。 然后 放入碘蒸汽 中 15分鐘顯影。 It was detected that oil productionrelated wastewaters contain the following phospholipids (Figure 1): 這是市面上 檢測到的油制造行業(yè)污水所包 含 的 磷脂 (圖 1)： Figure 1. Chromatogram of phospholipids in oil production Wastewaters 圖 1 油制造行業(yè) 污水 的磷脂氣相色譜 1 neutral lipids。 3 phosphatidylglycerol。 5 phosphatidic acids。 8 sphingomyelins 9 phosphatidylserine。 11,12 – lysophosphatidylserine 1 中性脂肪。 3 磷脂酰丙三醇 。 5 磷脂酸 。 8 鞘磷脂 9 磷脂酰絲氨酸 。 1 12 溶血磷脂絲氨酸 On the stage of primary water treatment, reagent methods were used, which included neutralisation of oil industry’s wastewaters using calcium carbonate (chalk) which is a cheap and easily accessible material. The technology of water purification by chemical deposition presupposes its preliminary purification from colloidaldispersed and suspended substances using coagulation with subsequent separation of the deposition as a result of filtering, settlement or flotation. As a result of chalk injection — g into the wastewater (V = ml), intense discharge of carbonic acid is observed whereby a thick foamy layer is formed and salts related to sulphate acid (which is used in the production process) subside into deposit. When the mix is heated, the mentioned process accelerates, which testifies to the fact that neutraliser can be injected into the wastewater received immediately after production without prior cooling of this wastewater。水凈化工藝 使用混凝劑將膠體和懸浮物進(jìn)行初步分離，然后將分離結(jié)果進(jìn)行過濾、沉淀或浮選。當(dāng)混合物加熱，上述過程會加速， 這