【正文】 le future ?季節(jié)性需求 Seasonal demand Varies with regular peaks and valleys throughout the year ?尖峰需求 Lumpy demand Highly variable ?規(guī)律性需求 Regular demand Not highly variable (3? Mean) ?終端需求 Terminating demand Demand goes to 0 in foreseeable future ?派生需求 Derived demand Demand is determined from the demand of another item of which it is a part Nature of Demand Accurately forecasting demand is singly the most important factor in good inventory management 11 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. ?拉動式庫存管理法 Pull 基于每個倉庫的特定需求以一定的訂貨批量補(bǔ)足庫存 每一個存儲點(diǎn)獨(dú)立 Each stocking location is considered independent 最大化控制庫存 Maximizes local control of inventories ?推動式庫存管理法 Push 根據(jù)總需求分配產(chǎn)品到庫存點(diǎn) 鼓勵規(guī)模生產(chǎn) 準(zhǔn)時生產(chǎn)制 Justintime 同步庫存流量以滿足需求 Attempts to synchronize stock flows so as to just meet demand as it occurs 最小化庫存 Minimizes the need for inventory Inventory Management Philosophies 12 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. ?拉動式庫存管理法 Pull Draws inventory into the stocking location Each stocking location is considered independent Maximizes local control of inventories ?推動式庫存管理法 Push Allocates production to stocking locations based on overall demand Encourages economies of scale in production ?準(zhǔn)時生產(chǎn)制 Justintime Attempts to synchronize stock flows so as to just meet demand as it occurs Minimizes the need for inventory Inventory Management Philosophies 13 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. ?供給驅(qū)動 SupplyDriven 供應(yīng)量和時間未知 Supply quantities and timing are unknown 所有的供應(yīng)必須接受和處理 All supply must be accepted and processed 通過需求控制庫存 Inventories are controlled through demand ?聯(lián)合控制 Aggregate Control ?項(xiàng)目分類 ?項(xiàng)目組根據(jù)基于 8020法則確定的銷售水平 ?為 3個或以上的產(chǎn)品組合允許不同的庫存策略 Inventory Management Philosophies 14 Plant Warehouse 1 Warehouse 2 Warehouse 3 A 1 A 2 A 3 A = Allocation quantity to each warehouse Q = Requested replenishment quantity by each warehouse Q 1 Q 2 Q 3 Demand forecast Demand forecast Demand forecast PULL Replenish inventory with order sizes based on specific needs of each warehouse PUSH Allocate supply to each warehouse based on the forecast for each warehouse 拉動式或推動式庫存管理思想 Pull vs. Push Inventory Philosophies CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. 911 推動式 ——基于每個倉庫的預(yù)測將供給分配給各個倉庫 拉動式 ——基于每個倉庫的特定需求以一定訂貨批量補(bǔ)足庫存 A—將產(chǎn)品分配到各個倉庫 Q—每個倉庫需要的補(bǔ)貨量 15 ? 多數(shù)庫存管理是針對每一種產(chǎn)品的庫存進(jìn)行控制。 4 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. Where are Inventories? Material sources Inbound transportation Production Outbound transportation Finished goods warehousing Customers Inventory locations Finished goods Shipping Inventories inprocess Receiving Production materials 94 原料來源 生產(chǎn) 內(nèi)向運(yùn)輸 外向運(yùn)輸 成品儲存 客戶 原材料 半成品 成品 庫存選址 5 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. Reasons for Inventories 首先，保有庫存可以使生產(chǎn)的批量更大、批次更少，運(yùn)作水平更高，因而產(chǎn)生經(jīng)濟(jì)效益 其次，保有庫存有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)采購和運(yùn)輸中的成本節(jié)約 第三，先期購買可以在當(dāng)前交易的低價(jià)位購買額外數(shù)量的產(chǎn)品。庫存決策 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. Chapter 9 每一個管理上的失誤最后都會變成庫存。 “Every management mistake ends up in inventory.” Michael C. Bergerac Former Chief Executive Revlon, Inc. 1 產(chǎn)品計(jì)劃三角形 Product in the Planning Triangle CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. PLANNING ORGANIZING CONTROLLING Transport Strategy ? Transport fundamentals ? Transport decisions Customer service goals ? The product ? Logistics service ? Ord . proc. info. sys. Inventory Strategy ? Forecasting ? Inventory decisions ? Purchasing and supply scheduling decisions ? Storage fundamentals ? Storage decisions Location Strategy ? Location decisions ? The work planning process 計(jì)劃 組織 控制 product 庫存戰(zhàn)略 預(yù)測 客戶服務(wù)目標(biāo) 采購和供應(yīng)時間決策 存儲基礎(chǔ)知識 存儲決策 產(chǎn)品 物流服務(wù) 訂單管理和信息系統(tǒng) 庫存決策 運(yùn)輸戰(zhàn)略 運(yùn)輸基礎(chǔ)知識 運(yùn)輸決策 選址戰(zhàn)略 選址決策 網(wǎng)絡(luò)規(guī)劃流程 2 Inventory Decisions in Strategy CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. PLANNING ORGANIZING CONTROLLING Transport Strategy ? Transport fundamentals ? Transport decisions Customer service goals ? The product ? Logistics service ? Ord . proc. info. sys. Inventory Strategy ? Forecasting ? Inventory decisions ? Purchasing and supply scheduling decisions ? Storage fundamentals ? Storage decisions Location Strategy ? Location decisions ? The work planning process PLANNING ORGANIZING CONTROLLING 3 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. 什么是庫存 What are Inventories? ?庫存就是在企業(yè)生產(chǎn)和物流渠道中各點(diǎn)堆積的原材料、供給品、零部件、半成品和成品。 第四，抵銷生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸過程中的不確定性 第五，應(yīng)付突發(fā)事件。 ——自下而上法 ? 另一種方法是管理一類產(chǎn)品而不是管理單獨(dú)一種產(chǎn)品 ——自上而下法 16 ? 供應(yīng)鏈管理鼓勵管理者將供應(yīng)渠道中更多的部分包括到計(jì)劃過程中來，供應(yīng)渠道中多個層級的庫存也成為核心問題。 18 Inventory Management Objectives Good inventory management is a careful balancing act between stock availability and the cost of holding inventory. Customer Service , ., Stock Availability Inventory Holding costs ?Service objectives Setting stocking levels so that there is only a specified probability of running out of stock ?Cost objectives Balancing conflicting costs to find the most economical replenishment quantities and timing CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. 19 ? 服務(wù)水平 ? =1每年產(chǎn)品缺貨件數(shù)的期望值 / 年需求總量 20 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. ?采購成本 Procurement costs 準(zhǔn)備訂單的成本 Cost of preparing the order 訂單傳輸成本 Cost of order transmission 產(chǎn)品安裝成本 Cost of production setup if appropriate 接受地物料搬運(yùn)或加工成本 Cost of materials handling or processing at the receiving dock 商品價(jià)格 Price of the goods Costs Relevant to Inventory Management 21 CR (2023) Prentice Hall, Inc. Relevant Costs (Cont’d) ?采購成本 Proc