【正文】 行的開放性 11二、發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的良好機(jī)遇和現(xiàn)實(shí)困境 12 12（1）現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)改造農(nóng)業(yè)，發(fā)展技術(shù)密集型的現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)成為世界潮流 12（2）以高科技為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)正在興起，從根本上改變了農(nóng)業(yè)的傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式 13（3）現(xiàn)代可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念正引領(lǐng)農(nóng)業(yè)走向現(xiàn)代化 13（4）政府在發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)過程中發(fā)揮著越來越重要的作用 14 14（1）農(nóng)業(yè)天然的弱質(zhì)性 14（2）農(nóng)業(yè)人口多而人均資源少 15（3）農(nóng)業(yè)科技進(jìn)步與生產(chǎn)相脫節(jié) 16（4）向工業(yè)傾斜的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策 16（5）限制城鄉(xiāng)流動(dòng)的戶籍制度 17三、發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)：國(guó)際經(jīng)驗(yàn)借鑒 17 17（1）美國(guó)：規(guī)?；r(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式 17（2）日本：集約化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式 18（3）法國(guó)：專業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式 19 20（1）農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的模式不是憑主觀選擇，而是由本國(guó)的自然條件和社會(huì)條件決定的 20（2）土地制度的變遷始終處于動(dòng)態(tài)的發(fā)展過程中 21（3）政府的引導(dǎo)和調(diào)控作用功不可沒 21（4）農(nóng)業(yè)合作經(jīng)濟(jì)組織是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化的根基，發(fā)達(dá)的農(nóng)產(chǎn)品購(gòu)銷體系，完善的農(nóng)業(yè)社會(huì)化服務(wù)體系，是農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化過程中不可缺少的條件 22 22（1）科技進(jìn)步是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力 22（2）土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的必然趨勢(shì) 23（3）可持續(xù)發(fā)展是現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo) 24四、發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)：路徑選擇 251．提升自主創(chuàng)新和成果應(yīng)用水平，強(qiáng)化建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的科技支撐 252．強(qiáng)化對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)保護(hù)和投入力度，完善建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的政策支撐 263．調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)和創(chuàng)新經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，夯實(shí)建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系支撐 274．發(fā)展現(xiàn)代流通方式和新型流通業(yè)態(tài)，健全現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)體系支撐 285．全面提高農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力素質(zhì)，構(gòu)筑建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的人力資源支撐 29發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)：現(xiàn)實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)與路徑選擇導(dǎo) 言農(nóng)業(yè)是人類的衣食之源，對(duì)于任何國(guó)家來說，農(nóng)業(yè)的重要地位和作用都是相同的。 to further intensify agricultural protection and increase its input and perfect the policy support。 agricultural population is large while China’s percapital share of natural sources is inadequate。 the facility agriculture based on advanced technology is emerging and has fundamentally changed the traditional mode of production。關(guān)鍵詞：現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)；發(fā)展機(jī)遇；現(xiàn)實(shí)困境；科技創(chuàng)新 AbstractSince the founding of new China, the Party and the government has been trying to explore how to build modern agriculture and achieve agricultural modernization. In view of the overall situation, there is need to follow the general rule of global agricultural development as well as take into account the practical conditions of our economic and social development to promote the conversion from traditional agriculture to modern agriculture. In this paper, China39。各國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式對(duì)我國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展具有有益的借鑒作用，我國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)模式的選擇應(yīng)重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家長(zhǎng)處，倡導(dǎo)科技進(jìn)步作為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的內(nèi)在動(dòng)力，鼓勵(lì)土地規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)作為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的必然趨勢(shì)、推進(jìn)可持續(xù)發(fā)展成為現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)。日本的集約型農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式從生物技術(shù)、政府作用、兼業(yè)化以及農(nóng)業(yè)協(xié)同組織方面做到了極致。發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)同樣面臨現(xiàn)實(shí)困境：農(nóng)業(yè)天然的弱質(zhì)性，農(nóng)業(yè)人口多而人均資源少，農(nóng)業(yè)科技進(jìn)步與生產(chǎn)相脫節(jié)，向工業(yè)傾斜的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策以及限制城鄉(xiāng)流動(dòng)的戶籍制度等。現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的基本特征是：科技進(jìn)步主導(dǎo)性、資源配置市場(chǎng)化、產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)質(zhì)化、區(qū)域生產(chǎn)專業(yè)化。本文以中國(guó)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度作為研究對(duì)象，以現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度的發(fā)展演變?yōu)檠芯康那腥朦c(diǎn)，以現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度的績(jī)效和面臨的困境分析為研究的關(guān)鍵點(diǎn)，借助制度變遷的相關(guān)理論，重點(diǎn)研究未來現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度的路徑選擇。發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)：現(xiàn)實(shí)挑戰(zhàn)與路徑選擇摘 要新中國(guó)成立以來，黨和政府就一直在努力探索如何建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)，如何實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化。從整體上看，促進(jìn)傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)變，既應(yīng)遵循全球農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展的一般規(guī)律又應(yīng)考慮我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展的實(shí)際情況?，F(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)有根本的不同，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)是以用現(xiàn)代物質(zhì)條件裝備，用現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)改造，用現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)體系提升，用現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營(yíng)形式推進(jìn)，用現(xiàn)代發(fā)展理念引領(lǐng)的農(nóng)業(yè)產(chǎn)業(yè)形態(tài)。發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)面臨良好機(jī)遇：以現(xiàn)代科學(xué)技術(shù)改造農(nóng)業(yè)，發(fā)展技術(shù)密集型的現(xiàn)代產(chǎn)業(yè)成為世界潮流；以高科技為基礎(chǔ)的設(shè)施農(nóng)業(yè)正在興起，從根本上改變了農(nóng)業(yè)的傳統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)方式；現(xiàn)代可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念正引領(lǐng)農(nóng)業(yè)走向現(xiàn)代化，政府在發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)過程中越來越重要。國(guó)外現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展蒸蒸日上，美國(guó)的規(guī)模經(jīng)營(yíng)型農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式突出表現(xiàn)在科技應(yīng)用、土地制度、政府作用以及銷售合作社等方面。法國(guó)的專業(yè)化農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展模式在土地政策、專業(yè)化生產(chǎn)、政府投資、合作社方面成為典型。如何發(fā)展現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)？必須對(duì)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的路徑選擇做出分析，即：全力提升自主創(chuàng)新和成果應(yīng)用水平，強(qiáng)化建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的科技支撐；進(jìn)一步加大對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)保護(hù)和投入力度，完善建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的政策支撐；進(jìn)一步調(diào)整結(jié)構(gòu)和創(chuàng)新經(jīng)營(yíng)方式，夯實(shí)建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系支撐；發(fā)展現(xiàn)代流通方式和新型流通業(yè)態(tài)，健全建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的市場(chǎng)體系支撐；全面提高農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)者素質(zhì)，構(gòu)筑建設(shè)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的人力資源支撐。s modern agriculture system is the research object, with the evolution of modern agriculture system as the starting point and its performance as well as the difficulties encountered as the key point. Meanwhile, this paper applies the relevant theories of institutional changes to studying the future path selection of modern agriculture system.Modern agriculture and traditional agriculture are fundamentally different. Modern agriculture is an industry pattern which is equipped by modern materials, transformed by modern technology, promoted by modern managerial forms and guided by modern development idea. Its essential features are: the leading role of scientific and technological progress, marketization of resources distribution, optimization of the industrial structure, and specialization of regional production. The development of modern agriculture faces the good opportunities: it is the world trend to transform agriculture and develop technologyintensive industries。 agriculture is headed to modernization guided by the concept of sustainable development and the government is being increasingly important. However, the factual dilemma is: agriculture is weak in nature。 scientific and technological progress is out of step with production, the economic policy is making a major effort to industry, and the household registration system restricts the flowage of population, etc. The modern agricultural development abroad is ever more flourishing. The model of landscale operation in the United States is mainly manifested in the application of technology, land system, the role of government as well as marketing cooperatives, etc. The model of intensive type in Japan does extremely well in biotechnology, the role of government, industry and agricultural cooperative organizations. The professionalization of French agricultural development model is noted in land policy, specialization of production, government investment and cooperatives. We can benefit a lot from the agricultural development model of different countries. In addition, our selection of agricultural development model should learn from the advantages of developed countries, advocate modern agricultural scientific and technological progress as the inherent power, encourage landscale operation as the inevitable trend of modern agriculture and promote sustainable development as the strategic goal of modern agriculture. How to develop modern agriculture? There is need to make an analysis of the path selection of modern agriculture, that is, to enhance independent innovation and the application level of scientific and technological achievements and strengthen scientific and technological support。 to further adjust the industry structure and innovative business approaches and lay a solid foundation for building a modern agricultural industrial system。一句話概括，農(nóng)業(yè)是國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)于中國(guó)來說，農(nóng)業(yè)的地位和作用非同尋常,建國(guó)以來的實(shí)踐證明，什么時(shí)候重視農(nóng)業(yè)，農(nóng)民問題解決得好一些，我們的經(jīng)濟(jì)建設(shè)事業(yè)就會(huì)向前發(fā)展，反之，就停滯甚至倒退。每一個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展順利的時(shí)期，都是以農(nóng)業(yè)形勢(shì)好為前提的，每一次國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)生困難，也都首先從農(nóng)業(yè)開始，每一次經(jīng)濟(jì)調(diào)整也總是首先加強(qiáng)農(nóng)業(yè)。沒有農(nóng)業(yè)的現(xiàn)代化，就不會(huì)有中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化，農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化是整個(gè)中國(guó)現(xiàn)代化的基礎(chǔ)。從中國(guó)一系列現(xiàn)實(shí)問題入手，加快傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)向現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)的轉(zhuǎn)化，對(duì)于實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)業(yè)現(xiàn)代化和整體現(xiàn)代化目標(biāo)具有決定性的意義。當(dāng)前我國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)正處于由傳統(tǒng)向現(xiàn)代轉(zhuǎn)變的關(guān)鍵時(shí)期，與傳統(tǒng)農(nóng)業(yè)相比，現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)具有更高的土地產(chǎn)出率、資源利用率和勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率，具有更加完備的物質(zhì)保障、更加強(qiáng)大的科技支撐、更加發(fā)達(dá)的產(chǎn)業(yè)體系、更加完善的經(jīng)營(yíng)方式、更加先進(jìn)的發(fā)展理念和新型的農(nóng)民。如何正確評(píng)價(jià)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度，并在此基礎(chǔ)上實(shí)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)制度的有效變遷、尋求未來現(xiàn)代農(nóng)業(yè)發(fā)展路徑等一系列問題成為社會(huì)各界關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。一