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、河道水流、土壤水運動、地下水流和融雪徑流等物理過程;這些過程都是能量守恒定律的微分方程來描述;求解這些微分方程及考慮降雨和下墊面因子空間分布是以水平方向上的柵格為基礎(chǔ);而且,在垂直方向上,模型將土層劃分為若干子土層。概念性模型(conceptual model)和物理模型(physicallybased model);從反映水流運動空間變化能力的角度出發(fā),水文模型又可以分為集總式模型(lumped model)和分布式模型(distributed model),還有一種水文模型介于集總式模型和分布式模型之間,稱為“半分布式”水文模型[2]。 分布式水文模型國內(nèi)外研究現(xiàn)狀及發(fā)展分布式水文模型的建模思想起始于20世紀70年代,80年代中期開始,隨著電子計算機科學技術(shù)的發(fā)展及系統(tǒng)論的成熟,世界各國對水文模型開展了大規(guī)模的研究,同時提出了很多實用的水文模型,流域水文模型可分為確定性模型和隨機(統(tǒng)計)模型,在實際應用中,流域水文模型一般是指確定性水文模型。DEM作為構(gòu)成分布式水文模型的基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),通過它可以提取許多流域水文特征參數(shù)信息,如坡度、坡向、匯流網(wǎng)絡、流域界線等。第一章 緒論 研究背景20世紀以來,隨著計算機行業(yè)的發(fā)展,水文領(lǐng)域的研究越來越趨于數(shù)字化,流域水文循環(huán)的模擬也從集總式模型擴展到分布式或者半分布式模型。分布式水文模型是在20世紀70年代提出的,經(jīng)歷了一個循序漸進的發(fā)展歷程:先是在一個小場地實地測量每個塊的高程、坡度,后來隨著計算機的應用和計算機圖形處理的發(fā)展,特別是在出現(xiàn)GIS后,DEM成為提取地形參數(shù)的有效平臺,在這個方面許多學者做出大量研究,目前,在柵格高程、柵格坡流、柵格流向方面取得一致,在虛擬河網(wǎng)的提取方面目前有多種方法,哪種方法更行之有效,還沒有定論,但是,分布式水文模型建立方法還是被學者們認可??傊?,分布式水文模型有著很大的優(yōu)勢。 Isochrones。 Watershed。 Distributed Hydrology Model。關(guān)鍵詞:數(shù)字高程模型;分布式水文模型;地理信息;流域;柵格單元;等時流線;流量積累 AbstractWith developing more quickly in digitalization in modern society, The Distributed Hydrology Model founded on Digital Elevation Models are being more and more important in water conservancy, It avoids the way of the Accustomed Hydrology Model on many years of hydrological statistical data, but on geographic information and other interrelated experimental data in one drainage area, it breathe a new power into water conservancy. Because the Distributed Hydrology Model relates to the modern puter, it will have strong vital force.Making use of this model I have a taste in Yan Shan Reservoir watershed in He Nan Province: I start on the information of the surface in this area, give every grid cell the proper parameters by distilling them from the map of how the people use soil and the map of soil type in this area。等時流線的模擬計算是通過計算機提取相應柵格數(shù)量進行的,而且一個步長的柵格數(shù)量不是不變的,而是由一個步長柵格降雨的流速決定的,而單元雨水的流速又是由步長內(nèi)降雨量的多少決定的。本文在分布式水文模型的基礎(chǔ)上,對河南省燕山水庫流域洪水入庫計算模擬方面作了一些研究:從燕山水庫流域的下墊信息開始著手,依據(jù)流域的土地使用類型圖、土壤分布圖確定每個柵格單元的土壤特性和土地利用方式,進行下墊信息的參數(shù)化,得到單元模型所需的參數(shù)值;為了提取地形信息,本文通過對流域地形圖海量數(shù)據(jù)加載高程值,利用GIS軟件(ArcView)自動生成流域內(nèi)的數(shù)字高程模型,提取了流域水文模型所需要的庫容曲線;通過柵格自動劃分,提取柵格單元的高程、坡度、柵格流向、流域邊界、虛擬河網(wǎng)、流量積累、等時流線面積分布等分布式水文模型的流域特征。摘 要隨著現(xiàn)代社會數(shù)字化進程的加快,基于數(shù)字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM)的分布式水文模型(Distributed Hydrology Model)在水利行業(yè)的主導地位也日益明顯,它避開了傳統(tǒng)水文學依靠多年的水文觀測資料的計算方法,而依據(jù)流域的相關(guān)參數(shù)和地理信息進行水文計算,給水利行業(yè)注入了新的活力。因為分布式水文模型與現(xiàn)代計算機緊密相聯(lián),所以它必然更具有生命力。創(chuàng)建分布式水文模型的關(guān)建是建立一個合適的基于柵格單元的水文模型,本文將柵格單元在垂直方向上分為二層,即地表層和地下層,涉及到降雨、溫度、植被截留、蒸散發(fā)、下滲等水文計算模型;并綜合各類相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù),建立了地信數(shù)據(jù)庫和水文數(shù)據(jù)庫,通過VB編程進行等時流線模擬計算。最后,本文對1998年流域的兩次洪水入庫量進行驗證,鑒于水庫還沒有建成,為了便于比較本文還進行了洪水過程線模擬并取得較好的效果。 In order to get the topographical information, I add numerical value to a abundant of contour lines and points in topographical map, use the software ArcView of GIS to create Digital Elevation Models (DEM) automatically, get every volume of the reservoir from the water level 99m to 117m. By using a special module of the software, I distill triumphantly the grid cells’ elevation value, slope value, flow direction, flow accumulation, watershed, stream network, isochrones and so on. The proper hydrology model on the gird cell plays an vital role in the Distributed Hydrology Model, In this paper, It is divided two parts in vertical section, they are upground and underground relating to rainfall, air temperature, evaporation and ooze hydrological model, At the same time, I integrate all indispensable data and found two databases which are geographical information database and hydrological information database, write program using puter language—VB to simulate process of isochrones of the watershed. How much the water flow from the exit of watershed every interval time is decided by how many the grid correspondingly, but the number of the grid of every interval time is not fixed,but always changed, it is decided by velocity of flow on grid, but the velocity of flow is decided by how much the rain falls in the area every interval time. At last, this model is validated by two floodwater in 1998 in the area, because the reservoir is not pleted, in order to test how much water flew to reservoir in the two floodwaters, isochrones process of the watershed is simulated, the results fit well.Key Words: DEM。 Geographic Information。 Grid Cell。 Flow Accumulation目錄內(nèi)容題要第一章 緒論….…………….…………….…………….…………….……………1 研究背景….…………….…………….…………….…………….…………..1….…………….…………….….1….…………….…………….…………….………………1….…………….…………….…………….………………2 課題的研究意義與整體思路….…………….…………….…………….….3 論文內(nèi)容….…………….…………….…………….………………….……3第二章 燕山水庫流域概況….…………….…………….…………….………...5….…………….…………….…………….…………………………5 ….…………….…………….…………….…………………5 流域水文氣象….…………….…………….…………….…………………...6….…………….…………….…………….………………………6….…………….…………….…………….…………7….…………….…………….…………….…………7….…………….…………….…………….……………………8….…………….…………….…………….…………………………8第三章 燕山水庫流域數(shù)字高程模型的構(gòu)建….…………….…………….……10 數(shù)字高程模型概念及表示方法….…………….…………….……………..10 數(shù)字高程模型的概念及應用….…………….…………….…………10 DEM的表示方法….…………….…………….…………….…………10 DEM的三種主要模型….…………….…………….…………….……11 數(shù)字高程模型的構(gòu)建方法….…………….…………….…………….…...14 數(shù)字高模型的數(shù)據(jù)源….…………….…………….…………….…….15 航攝法生成DEM的方法….…………….…………….…………….….15….…………….…………….…………….…………..16 燕山水庫的數(shù)字高程模型(DEM) ….…………….…………….…………..18第四章 流域地形參數(shù)提取….…………….…………….…………….………19….…………….…………….…………….…………………..19….…………….…………….…………….…………..20 DEM的預處理….…………….…………….…………….…………………..22 洼地標定及抬升算法….…………….…………….…………….…….22 平地起伏算法….…………….…………….…………….…………….23 流向判定….…………….…………….…………….……………………….24 D8法….…………….…………….…………….……………………..24 多流向法….…………….…………….…………….………………….26 河網(wǎng)的提取….…………….…………….…………….…………………...27 流域及子流域的劃分….…………….…………….…………….………...29 流水累積量….…………….…………….…………….…………………...31 庫容曲線….…………….…………….…………….……………………...32第五章 柵格單元水文模型….…………….…………….…………….………..34 單元水文模型….…………….…………….…………….………………...34 柵格地表水地下水輸出、輸入原理….…………….…………….………34….…………….…………….………...35….…………….…………….………...35 降雨分布模型….…………….…………….…………….……………….…35….…………….…………….…………….………………..…37 植被截流….…………….…………….…………….…………………….…38 蒸散發(fā)….…………….…………….…………….……………………….…39….…………….…………….………..…….……40 下滲和產(chǎn)流….…………….…………….