【正文】 of possibilities for “doing”.* Linguistics involves such branches as ___________, __________, ___________, ______, _________. Questions on Lecture III * Langue is not suitable for study. * Parole is always a naturally occurring event. * Langue is subject to personal and situational limits. * A person39。s performance does not always match his petence. * The object of study is the ideal speaker39。 of interest to phoneticians are called ______________ of L.* Phonetics is the study of phonic medium of language, ., the study of the __________, ____________ and ___________ of speech sounds. * Phonetics is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s languages. * The branch of phonetics which studies the perception of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics. * All vowels and no consonants are produced with the vibration of vocal cords.* The English spoken sounds, like any other language, are generally divided into two main classes: vowels and consonants. Exercises for Lecture IV* Speech sounds are limited in number. * Of the two media of language, writing is more basic than speech. * Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics.* Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, . we are all born with the ability to acquire language and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.習(xí)題3Exercises * Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.* The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.* The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.* Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.* Phonetically, the stress of a pound always falls on the second element, while the first element receives secondary stress.The affix “ish” in the word boyish conveys a g__________ meaning. * B____ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be bined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.* D_______ affixes are added to a form to create words.* The rules governing which affix are added to what type of stem to form new words are m___________ rules.* In terms of morphemic analysis, c___________ can be viewed as the bination of two or more than two words to create new words.Exercises * The morpheme “vision” in the mon word “television” is a(n) ___. A. bound morpheme B. bound form C. inflectional morpheme D. free morpheme * The part of speech of the pound is generally determined by the part of speech of ___. A. the first element B. the second element C. either the first or the second element D. both the first and the second element* ____is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed. Exercises * ____ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word. A. Prefixes B. Suffixes C. Roots D. Affixes * ____ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists. A. Words B. Morphemes C. Phonemes D. Sentences * “s” in the word “books” is ____. A. a derivative affix B. a stem C. an inflectional affix D. a rootThe word “internationalists” contains ___ morphemes. A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7習(xí)題4Exercises for Lecture X* Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the bination of morphemes into words. * The term syntax came from Latin.* Sentences are posed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.* Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that prise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic petence.* The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and prehend. * In a plex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other. * Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.* Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules. * Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.* In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are monly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase. * In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.* What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a plete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge. * A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.* It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of Dstructure.* WHmovement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.* The recursiveness of phrasal structural rules shows that language has a property of “being creative”.* A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence. * A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually prises a number of words to form a plete statement, question or mand. * A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence t