【正文】 rned her lessons well, far surpassing my expectations. Sweetheart, I said, patting her hand in a tolerant manner, five dates is plenty. After all, you don39。t you think?“草率結(jié)論，”波莉伶俐地說，“或者是按一般人的說法，這個結(jié)論有些不成熟，你不這樣認為嗎？”39?！盚asty Generalization, said Polly brightly. Or as a normal person might say, that39?！監(jiān)h? she said, a little disappointed.“哦？”她回答說，有一點失望。Polly, I said when next we sat under our oak, tonight we won39。With five nights of diligent work, I actually made a logician out of Polly. She was an analytical thinker at last. The time had e for the conversion of our relationship from academic to romantic.經(jīng)過五個夜晚的辛勤努力，我竟然真的將波莉打造成了一個邏輯行家，她總算能夠分析思考了。他們的情況完全不同，你不能將他們作類比。t make an analogy between them.“波莉，”我抱怨道，“別打岔，這一推論是錯誤的。t derail the discussion. The inference is wrong. Doctors aren39。”I like that idea, she said.“我喜歡這個主意，”她說。Next, I said carefully, we will discuss False Analogy. An example, students should be allowed to look at their textbooks during exams, because surgeons have Xrays to guide them during surgery.“接下來”，我小心地說，“我們來討論‘錯誤類比’。這個人根本沒有回答老板的問題，而只是在博取老板的同情，這就是‘文不對題’。s question. Instead he appealed to the boss39。Yes, it’s awful, I agreed, but it39。Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he says he has six children to feed.“聽好了，”我說，“有個人去申請工作，當老板問他有什么應聘資格時，他說他有六個孩子要撫養(yǎng)。Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.第二天晚上，坐在那棵橡樹下，我說：“今天晚上我們要談的第一個邏輯謬誤叫‘文不對題’?！盨he seemed to have a good time. I could safely say my plan was underway. I took her home and set a date for another conversation.她似乎學得很開心，而我也可以放心地說我的計劃正在穩(wěn)步推進中?！盧eally? said Polly, amazed. Nobody?“是嗎？”波莉吃驚地說。t speak French. Looks like nobody at this school can speak French.“接下來是‘草率結(jié)論’?！盢ext is Hasty Generalization. Selfexplanatory, right? Listen carefully: You can39。如果你有心臟病或者超級肥胖癥什么的，運動就變得有害而不是有益。s too simple a generalization. If you have, say, heart disease or extreme obesity, exercise is bad, not good. Therefore, you must say exercise is good for most people.我看得出她沒弄明白。She nodded in agreement.她點頭表示贊同。Dicto Simpliciter means an unqualified generalization. For example: Exercise is good. Therefore, everybody should exercise.“‘絕對判斷’是指在證據(jù)不足的情況下所作出的推斷。我們先來看看一種叫做‘絕對判斷’的邏輯謬誤。s look at the fallacy Dicto Simpliciter.“邏輯學的原理，”我說道，“即清晰思考的主要原則?！盋ool, she said over her gum.“好酷啊，”她一邊嚼著口香糖一邊說?！拔覀円勑┦裁?？”她問道。而這個地方能夠俯瞰燈火燦爛的城區(qū)，我覺得它會使人的心情變輕松。After a banner day out, I drove until we were situated under a big old oak tree on a hill off the expressway. What I had in mind was a little eccentric. I thought the venue with a perfect view of the luminous city would lighten the mood. We stayed in the car, and I turned down the stereo and took my foot off the brake pedal. What are we going to talk about? she asked.在一起外出度過了美好的一天之后，我驅(qū)車來到了高速公路旁一座小山上一棵古老的大橡樹下。Radiant she was already. I could dispense her enough pearls of wisdom to make her wellspoken.“光彩照人”，她已經(jīng)是了。她擁有合適的家庭背景，足以勝任一名堅忍而睿智的律師的女友。But she was pretty, welloff, didn39。那一年校園里每個人都有件皮夾克，而羅伯是校足球隊員中唯一一個沒有皮夾克的，他一想到這個就受不了，于是他和我達成了一項協(xié)議，用他的女友換取我的夾克。t the brightest guy. Polly wasn39。t, so he made a pact that he39。12456Love and logic: The story of fallacy愛情與邏輯：謬誤的故事I had my first date with Polly after I made the trade with my roommate Rob. That year every guy on campus had a leather jacket, and Rob couldn39。t stand the idea of being the only football player who didn39。d give me his girl in exchange for my jacket. He wasn39。t too shrewd, either.在我和室友羅伯的交易成功之后，我和波莉有了第一次約會。他可不那么聰明，而他的女友波莉也不太精明。t dye her hair strange colors or wear too much makeup. She had the right background to be the girlfriend of a dogged, brilliant lawyer. If I could show the elite law firms I applied to that I had a radiant, wellspoken counterpart by my side, I just might edge past the petition.但她漂亮而且富有，也沒有把頭發(fā)染成奇怪的顏色或是化很濃的妝。如果我能夠讓我所申請的頂尖律師事務所看到我身邊伴隨著一位光彩照人、談吐優(yōu)雅的另一半，我就很有可能在競聘中以微弱優(yōu)勢獲勝。而我也能施予她足夠多的“智慧之珠”，讓她變得“談吐優(yōu)雅”。我的想法有些怪異。我們呆在車子里，我調(diào)低了音響并把腳從剎車上挪開。Logic.“邏輯學。 The doctrine of logic,” I said, is a staple of clear thinking. Failures in logic distort the truth, and some of them are well known. First let39。邏輯上出現(xiàn)的問題會歪曲事實，其中有些還很普遍?！盙reat,” she agreed.“好啊，”她表示同意。比方說：運動是有益的，所以每個人都應該運動。I could see she was stumped. Polly, I explained, it39?！安ɡ?，”我解釋說，“這個推斷太過簡單化了。所以你應該說，運動對大多數(shù)人來說是有益的。t speak French. Rob can39。這似乎不言自明，對吧？仔細聽好了：你不會說法語，羅伯也不會說法語，那么這所學校里好像是沒有人會說法語?！皼]有人嗎？”This is also a fallacy, I said. The generalization is reached too hastily. Too few instances support such a conclusion.“這也是一種邏輯謬誤，”我說，“這一結(jié)論太草率了，因為能夠支持這一結(jié)論的例證太少了。我把她送回家，并且定下了下一次約會交談的日子?！盨he nodded with delight.她高興地點了點頭?！監(jiān)h, this is awful, awful, she whispered in a choked voice.“哇，這太可怕了，太可怕了，”她哽咽著輕聲說到。s no argument. The man never answered the boss39。s sympathy Ad Misericordiam.“對，是挺可怕的，”我表示贊同地說，“但這不是理由。”She blinked, still trying hard to keep back her tears.她眨著眼睛，仍在竭力地忍住眼淚。舉個例子：學生考試時應該允許看課本，因為外科醫(yī)生在做手術(shù)時可以看 X 光片。Polly, I groaned, don39。t taking a test to see how much they have learned, but students are. The situations are altogether different. You can39。醫(yī)生們不是在參加考試以檢查他們學到了多少，而學生卻是?！盜 still think it’s a good idea, said Polly.“我仍然認為這是一個好主意，”波莉說?，F(xiàn)在應該是時候讓我們的關(guān)系從學術(shù)向浪漫發(fā)展了。t discuss fallacies.“波莉，”當我們又一次坐在那棵橡樹下的時候我對她說，“今晚我們不討論邏輯謬誤了。Favoring her with a grin, I said, We have now spent five evenings together. We get along pretty well. We make a pretty good couple.我贊許地對她笑了笑，說：“我們在一起已經(jīng)度過了五個晚上，相互之間挺合得來，我們是蠻相配的一對。s a little premature, don39。I laughed with amusement. She39。t have to eat a whole cake to know it39?！坝H愛的，”我開口說，同時寬容地拍了拍她的手，“五次約會已經(jīng)夠多了，畢竟你不需要吃掉整個蛋糕才知道它是不是好吃。re not a cake. You39?！澳愕那疤崾羌s會就如同吃東西?！盜 laughed with somewhat less amusement, hiding my dread that she39。再錯幾步我可就無法挽回了。Polly, I love you. Please say you39。m nothing without you.“波莉，我愛你?！盇d Misericordiam, she said.“文不對題，”她說。t take them so literally. I