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【正文】 ther. 組合的協(xié)方差等于該組合內(nèi)所有證券兩兩之間相關(guān)系數(shù)與它們各自標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差之積的和。 Rj is the expected return of the j security in the portfolio 。 X Y A Rf E(R) SD 有效投資邊界: X—A—Y 投資組合報(bào)酬 ? 投資組合: A bination of two or more securities or assets. ? 投資組合預(yù)期報(bào)酬( portfolio return):投資組合預(yù)期報(bào)酬就是組成投資組合的各種證券預(yù)期報(bào)酬的加權(quán)平均數(shù)。 Systematic risk:The variability of return on stocks or portfolios associated with changes in return on the market as a whole. Unsystematic risk:The variability of return on stocks or portfolios not explained by general market is avoidable through diversification. 有效投資邊界 ? 投資者效用:投資者對(duì)其投資所獲得的報(bào)酬及所承受的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)感到滿意,滿足投資者需求。and over 99% falls within three standard expressing differences from the expected return in terms of standard deviations ,we are able to determine the probability that the actual return will be greater or less than any particular amount. 附錄:標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差信息的應(yīng)用 附錄:方差系數(shù) 方差系數(shù)( Coefficient of variation): The ratio of the standard deviation of a distribution to the mean of that is a measure of relative risk. Coefficient of variation(CV) is equal to standard deviation divided by expected return. CV=standard deviation 247。 什么是風(fēng)險(xiǎn) ? 概率分布( Probability distribution):A set of possible values that a random variable can assume and their associated probabilities of occurrence. ? 預(yù)期報(bào)酬( Expected return):The weighted average of possible returns,with the weights being the probabilities of occurrence. ? 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差( Standard deviation):A statistical measure of the variability of a distribution around its is the square root of the variance. 風(fēng)險(xiǎn)如何衡量 Assume that we are facing a normal (continuous) probability distribution of is symmetrical and bellshaped,and 68% of the distribution falls within one standard deviation (right or left) of the expected return。 ? 投資風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就是投資的實(shí)際收益與其預(yù)期的收益之間的差異程度 (The variability of returns from those that are expected)。 p0 普通股: K=D1247。 Interpolate:Estimate an unknown number that lies somewhere between two known numbers. Interpolate discount rate =iL+(iHiL)(PVLPVYTM) 247。 (Kg) 證券的到期收益率( YTM) ? 到期收益率的含義: The expected rate of return on a security if bought at its current market price and held to maturity(sold). ? 債券的到期收益率( YTM of a bond): YTM=〔 I+(MP)/n 〕247。 普通股投資者方面的因素:主要是持股人根據(jù)其對(duì)股市行情、公司經(jīng)營(yíng)成果的判斷所要求獲得的必要報(bào)酬率 K( K既包括市場(chǎng)上無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的報(bào)酬率,也包括與該股票風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相對(duì)應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)報(bào)酬率)。 普通股 ? 普通股定義及影響價(jià)值因素 ? 普通股價(jià)值計(jì)量 ( 1)普通股定義及影響價(jià)值因素 ? 普通股( mon stock)的定義: Securities that represent the ultimate ownership (and risk)position in a corporation. ? 影響普通股價(jià)值的因素: 普通股自身的因素:普通股股利是普通股價(jià)值的基礎(chǔ)(Dividends are the foundation of mon stock evaluation)。 K 非零息有確定期限債券 (Nonzerocoupon bonds with a finite maturity) V=I PVIFAk,n+M PVIFk,n 零息有確定期限債券 (Zerocoupon bonds with a finite maturity) V=M PVIFk,n 付息期內(nèi)每期多次付息的債券 V=I/m PVIFAk/m,mn+M Pick/m,mn 優(yōu)先股 ? 優(yōu)先股( Preferred stock)的定義: A type of stock that promises a (usually)fixed dividend,but at the discretion of the board of has preference over mon stock in the payment of dividends and claims on assets. ? 優(yōu)先股價(jià)值計(jì)量模型: V=Dps247。 債券投資者方面的因素主要是持券人根據(jù)其對(duì)市場(chǎng)行情的判斷所要求得到的必要報(bào)酬率 K( K可以取值:資金成本率、市場(chǎng)必要報(bào)酬率和持券人必要報(bào)酬率)。 ? 證券價(jià)值是指其內(nèi)在價(jià)值( Intrinsic Value):The price a security “ought to have”based on all factors bearing on 值( Market Price)的基礎(chǔ)。 ? 證券價(jià)值在于證券預(yù)期會(huì)給持券人帶來(lái)的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益流入。按其代表權(quán)利性質(zhì)分為債權(quán)性證券和股權(quán)性證券。 ( 4)分期等額還款計(jì)劃表 期限 項(xiàng)目 時(shí)期 1 2 3 (期初本金的 10%) (a+b) (cd) 1 1 ﹡ ﹡ 因四舍五入余額不為零。 ( 3)償債基金系數(shù) ? 償債基金系數(shù):基金建立者每期期初等額存儲(chǔ)款項(xiàng)的計(jì)算系數(shù)。 12)121=%﹥ 17% 年利率 16%,但按月付息的貸款實(shí)際利率與按年付息 17%的貸款實(shí)際利率相比,哪個(gè)更高? 年利率 16%的貸款最大連續(xù)復(fù)利實(shí)際利率為: e16%1=% 一個(gè)實(shí)例 ( 2)投資回收系數(shù) ? 投資回收系數(shù)( Investment Service Coverage Ratio=ISCR) ? 投資者每期期末等額收回投資的計(jì)算系數(shù)。 時(shí)間價(jià)值觀念應(yīng)用 名義利率與實(shí)際利率 投資回收系數(shù) (普通年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)的倒數(shù)) 償債基金系數(shù) (預(yù)付年金終值系數(shù)的倒數(shù)) 分期等額還款計(jì)劃表 ( 1)名義利率與實(shí)際利率 ? 名義利率 (nominal rate of interest)(annual percentage rate=APR) ? 實(shí)際利率 (actual rate of interest)(annual percentage yield=APY) ? APY=(1+APR247。(假設(shè)該獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金預(yù)期會(huì)以某個(gè)報(bào)酬率增值,每期增值額用于該期末的獎(jiǎng)金發(fā)放。 FV=A{ 〔 (1+i)(n+1)1〕 /i1 } PV=A { 〔 1(1+i)(n1)〕 /i+1 } FVIFAi,n先 = { 〔 (1+i)(n+1)1〕 /i1 } PVIFAi,n先 = { 〔 1(1+i)(n1)〕 /i+1 } ( 4)永續(xù)年金的現(xiàn)值與獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金 永續(xù)年金現(xiàn)值:無(wú)限期每期期末等額收付款項(xiàng)的復(fù)利現(xiàn)值之和。 PV=A(1+i)1+A(1+i)2+A(1+i)3+‥ +A(1+i)n =A〔 1(1+i)n〕 /i PVIFAi,n后 = 〔 1(1+i)n〕 /i,普通年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù),可以通過(guò)查一元年金現(xiàn)值系數(shù)表得到。a perpetuity is an ordinary annuity whose payments or receipts continue forever. ( 2)普通年金終值與年金現(xiàn)值 普通年金終值(或現(xiàn)值):一定時(shí)期內(nèi)每期期末等額收付款項(xiàng)的復(fù)利終值(或復(fù)利現(xiàn)值)之和。 Annuity:A series of equal payments or receipts occurring over a specified number of an ordinary annuity ,payments or receipts occur at the end of each period。 PV=FV PVIF i,n, 年金 年金的定義與類(lèi)型 普通年金終值和現(xiàn)值 預(yù)付年金終值和現(xiàn)值 永續(xù)年金現(xiàn)值和獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)基金 ( 1)年金的定義與類(lèi)型 年金( Annuity)是指系列的等額收支款項(xiàng),如養(yǎng)老金、分期交納的保險(xiǎn)費(fèi)、直線法提取的折舊額等。 FV=PV FVIFi,n 復(fù)利現(xiàn)值 :未來(lái)的一定金額按復(fù)利方式計(jì)算的現(xiàn)在價(jià)值。 Compound interest :Interest paid (earned) on any previous interest earned,as well as on the principal borrowed (lent). 時(shí)間價(jià)值的表現(xiàn)形式 ? 終值( Future Value or Terminal Value) The value at some future time of a present amount of money,or a series of payments(receipts),evaluated at a given interest rate. ? 現(xiàn)值( Present Value or Discounted Value) The current value of a future amount of money ,or a series of payments(receipts),evaluated at a given interest rate. 復(fù)利終值與復(fù)利現(xiàn)值 復(fù)利終值 :現(xiàn)在的一定金額按復(fù)利方式計(jì)算的未來(lái)價(jià)值。LRP:liquidity risk premium。DRP:default risk premium。TBRR:treasury bills rate of return。 ? 市場(chǎng)利率或者預(yù)期報(bào)酬率一般由無(wú)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的國(guó)庫(kù)券利率加上違約風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、到期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)、變現(xiàn)能力(或流動(dòng)性)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和通貨膨脹風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的溢酬構(gòu)成。 報(bào)酬率的確定 ? 時(shí)間價(jià)值以報(bào)酬率衡量。在我國(guó),貨幣的持有
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