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空調(diào)墊片沖壓模具設計-文庫吧資料

2025-07-15 13:04本頁面
  

【正文】 is the Minkowski sum), efficient algorithms can be created that find the globally optimal strip layout.For the particular problem of strip layout for pair rotation algorithm [7, 16] and simulated annealing [11], but so far no exact algorithm has been available. In what follows, the Minkowski sum and its application to strip layout is briefly introduced, and its extension to nesting pairs of parts is described. The Minkowski SumThe shape of blanks to be nested is approximated as a polygon with n vertices, numbered consecutively in the CCW direction. As the number of vertices increases, curved edges on the blank can be approximated to any desired accuracy. Given two polygons, A and B, the Minkowski sum is defined as the summation of each point in A with each point in B,(1)Intuitively, one can think of this process as ‘growing’ shape A by shape B, or by sliding shape –B (., B rotated 180186。, and when two different parts are nested together. In this paper we describe a new algorithm that provides the optimal strip layout for these two cases. Previous WorkOriginally, strip layout problems were solved manually, for example, by cutting blanks from cardboard and manipulating them to obtain a good layout. The introduction of puters into the design process led to algorithmic approaches. Perhaps the first was to fit blanks into rectangles, then fit the rectangles along the strip[2]. Variations of this approach have involved fitting blanks into nonoverlapping posites of rectangles [3], convex polygons [4,5] and known interlocking shapes[6]. A fundamental limitation exists with this approach, however, in that the enclosing shape adds material to the blank that cannot be removed later during the layout process. This added material may prevent optimal layouts from being found.A popular approach to performing strip layout is the incremental rotation algorithm [610, 16]. In it, the blank, or blanks, are rotated by a fixed amount, such as 2186。, and for pairs of different parts nested together. This algorithm is ideally suited for incorporation into die design CAE systems.Keywords: Stamping, Die Design, Optimization, Material Utilization, Minkowski Sum, Design ToolsIntroductionIn stamping, sheet metal parts of various levels of plexity are produced rapidly, often in very high volumes, using hard tooling. The production process operates efficiently, and material costs can typically represent 75% of total operating costs in a stamping facility [1]. Not all of this material is used in the parts, however, due to the need to trim scrap material from around irregularlyshaped parts. The amount of scrap produced is directly related to the efficiency of the stamping strip layout. Clearly, using optimal strip layouts is crucial to a stamping firm’s petitiveness.The degree of this trim loss is determined at the tooling design stage when the strip layout is created. As a part or parts are laid out on the strip, the designer chooses the orientation of the part(s), width of the strip, and, in the case of multiple parts blanked together, their relative positions. Ideally, the material utilization is maximized. The value of even tiny improvements in material utilization can be great。同時也汲取了更完整的專業(yè)知識,鍛煉了自己獨立設計的能力,使我受益匪淺,我相信這些經(jīng)驗對我以后的工作一定大有益處。由于資質(zhì)有限,很多知識掌握的不是很牢固,因此在設計中難免要遇到很多難題,由于有了課程設計的經(jīng)驗及老師的不時指導和同學的熱心幫助下,克服了一個又一個的困難,使我的畢業(yè)設計日趨完善。在學校中,我們主要學的是理論性的知識,而實踐性很欠缺,而畢業(yè)設計就相當于實戰(zhàn)前的一次演練。在這畢業(yè)之際,作為一名工科類學校的學生,做畢業(yè)設計是一件必不可少的事情。由于能力有限,設計中難免有疏漏之處,懇請老師給予指正。在模具的設計過程中也遇到了一些難以處理的問題,雖然對它們做出了解決 ,但是感覺這些方案還是不能盡如人意,如壓力計算時的公式的選用、凸凹模間隙的計算、卸件機構(gòu)選用,都還可以進行進一步的調(diào)整,使生產(chǎn)效率提高。通過對正裝下頂出落料模的設計,使我對落料模有了深刻的認識,特別是這種正裝下頂出落料模具的設計。在設計的過程中通過沖壓手冊、模具制造簡明手冊、模具標準應用手冊等隊要設計的問題進行查詢,我了解了通過更多的途徑去了解我要做的設計,使設計更具合理性。表41 試沖時缺陷原因及調(diào)整辦法沖裁模試沖時的缺陷產(chǎn)生的原因調(diào)整方法 送料不暢通或料被卡死(1) 凸模與卸料板之間的間隙過大, 使搭邊翻扭(2) 側(cè)刃與側(cè)刃擋塊不 密合形成方毛刺, 使條料卡死根據(jù)情況銼修或重裝導料板;減小凸模與導料板之間的間隙重裝導料板修整側(cè)刃擋塊消除間隙刃口相咬(1) 上模座、下模座、固定板、凹模、墊板等零件安裝面不平行(2) 凸模、導柱等零件安裝不垂直(3) 導柱與導套配合間隙過使導向不準(4) 卸料板的孔位不正確或歪斜,使沖孔凸模位移修整有關零件,重裝上模或下模重裝凸?;?qū)е鼡Q導柱或?qū)仔拚蚋鼡Q卸料板 卸料不正常(1) 由于裝配不正確,(2) 卸料機構(gòu)不能動作,如卸料板與凸模配合過緊,(3) 或卸料板傾斜而卡緊(4) 彈簧或橡皮的彈力不 足(5) 凹模有倒錐度造成工件堵塞修整卸料板、頂件器等零件更換彈簧或橡皮修整凹模有毛刺(1) 刃口不鋒利或淬火硬度低(2) 配合間隙過大或過小(4) 間隙不勻使沖件一邊有顯著帶斜角毛刺合理調(diào)整凸模與凹模的間隙及修磨工作部分的刃口 沖件不平(1) 凹模有導錐度(2) 頂件塊和工件接觸面過?。?) 導正釘與預沖孔配合過緊,(4) 使沖件壓出凹陷修整凹模更換頂件塊修整導正銷落料外形和內(nèi)孔位置不正,成偏位現(xiàn)象(1) 擋料銷位置不正(2) 落料凸模上的導正銷的尺寸過小修整擋料銷更換導正銷 結(jié) 論本畢業(yè)設計是我們進行完了三年的大學課程后進行的,它是對我們?nèi)陙硭鶎W課程的又一次深入、系統(tǒng)的綜合性的復習,也是一次理論聯(lián)系實踐的訓練。最后,裝機試沖并根據(jù)試沖結(jié)果作相應的調(diào)整。沖出的工件按沖壓的零件產(chǎn)品圖或試樣進行檢查驗收。具體為,將上模部分的所用部件固定在上模座上,根據(jù)設定的零部件的相對位置定位,并根據(jù)劃出壓力中心線,使壓力中心線與上模座中心線對正、鉆、攻螺孔,將下模座、凸凹模、進行校配,校正導尺間距后,鉆、鉸銷釘孔。切紙檢查,合適后打入銷釘。下面預裝下模座,劃出凹模板相應螺孔、銷孔位置,并鉆絞螺孔、銷孔。然后放在一邊待用。凸模的裝配,為了下一步裝配的方便,因為落料模的凸模的部分比較復雜,所以要先裝配凸模的部分,即將各個凸模插入到的相應孔內(nèi)。不合適者應重新修磨或更換。具體的裝配如下:首先,凸、凹模的預裝配,這個過程就是仔細檢查一下各凸模形狀及尺寸以及凹模形孔,是否符合圖紙要求的尺寸精度、形狀。裝配時,應保持它與凸模之間有適當?shù)拈g隙,其裝配方法是,將彈壓卸料板套在已裝入固定板的凸模內(nèi),在固定板與卸料板之間墊上平行墊片,并用平行夾板將它們夾緊,然后,按照卸料板上的螺紋孔在固定板上投影,拆開后鉆固定板上的螺釘穿過孔。與凸模配合的凸模固定板如下圖42。圖41 模柄 凸模的裝配凸模與固定板的配合要求為H7/m6。安裝好模柄后用角尺檢查模柄與上模座上平面的垂直度。裝配時,先在壓力機上將模柄壓入,再加工定位銷釘孔或螺紋孔。 主要組件的裝配: 模柄的裝配 因為這副模具的模柄是從上模座的下面向上壓入的,所以在裝凸模固定板和墊板之前,應裝好模柄。裝配是模具制造的過程的一個重要環(huán)節(jié),裝配質(zhì)量的好壞直接影響沖件的質(zhì)量和模具的使用壽命。第4章 模具的裝配和調(diào)整要制造出一副合格的冷沖模,除了要保證模具零件的加工精度外,還必須做好裝配工作。其具體加工過程是:凸、凹模,卸料板等零件均是需要淬硬的零件,凸、凹模淬硬以前,在模架的上、下模板上進行裝配,在凸、凹模板上劃出各個孔的圓孔的線,并根據(jù)設計劃出壓力中心線,使壓力中心線與上、下模座中心線對,鉆、攻螺孔,將上、下模座、凸凹模進行校配,校正導料銷間距后,鉆、鉸銷釘孔。 圖36 模具裝配圖 模具工作零件的加工工藝本副模具,模具零件加工的關鍵在工作零件、固定板以及卸料板,若采用線切割加工技術,這些零件的加工就變得相對簡單。活動擋料銷位置的設定比理想的幾何位置向前偏移,沖壓過程中粗定位完成以后,當用導料銷作為精確定位時, 而完成精確定距。條料送進時采用活動擋料銷和落料凹模上安裝的兩個導料銷,利其進行導正,以此作為條料送進的精確定距。下模部分由下模座、凹模、頂件器等組成。圖35 推件塊橡膠的選用原則: 1.為保證橡膠正常工作,所選橡膠應滿足預壓力要求: F0 ≧Fd式中: F0為橡膠在預壓縮狀態(tài)下的壓力(N) Fd為頂件力(N)2.為保證橡膠不過早失效,其應許最大壓縮量不應超過其自由高度的45%,一般取 △H2=(~)H0式中: △H2為橡膠應許的總壓縮量(mm) H0為橡膠的自由高度(mm) 橡膠的預壓縮量一般取自由高度的10%~15%即 △H1=△H2△H0=(~)H0式中 △H0為橡膠預壓縮量(mm)故 △H1=△H1△H2=(~)H0 而 △H1=△H'+△H'' 式中 △H'為頂件
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