【正文】 ilm lubrication are the mechanisms known to take place in joint replacements [23]. Hydrodynamic fluid film lubrication of bearing surfaces occurs when a viscous film is generated separating the two surfaces [24]. The two surfaces must move relative to each other with sufficient velocity for the hydrodynamic film to be generated [24]. If the hydrodynamic pressure is insufficient to separate the surfaces, then lubrication would primarily depend on the ponents of the fluid that could form boundary films [25]. In boundary lubrication, these ponents adsorb on the bearing surfaces and aid in minimizing friction upon contact. In mixed lubrication, the surfaces are partially separated by a fluid film, and partially in contact at the asperities [24]. Lubricant viscosity is a critical determinant in hydrodynamic fluid film lubrication, and hence it is important to consider its effect on the friction behaviour of joint prosthesis bearing surfaces [26]. This is particularly important since periprosthetic fluid, the fluid that bathes joint replacements in vivo, contains HA (hyaluronic acid) a high molecular weight ponent that imparts it with viscous characteristics. Friction studies have been conducted to determine the lubrication mechanism in which different bearing materials of joint replacements operate [27–29]. This is typically performed 25by using the Stribeck analysis where the friction factor is plotted against the Sommerfeld number [27,28]. A decrease in the friction factor with increase in Sommerfeld number is indicative of mixed lubrication while an increase in the friction factor with Sommerfeld number is indicative of fluid film lubrication [19,28,29]. Based on this analysis Flannery et al. [19] suggested that in total knee replacement a mixed lubrication regime dominates. While simulator testing has focused on recreating the conditions of loading and motion of joints in service [7,9], friction measurements tend to use simpler test conditions at constant speeds [21]. This strategy makes it possible to delineate the factors influencing the lubrication mechanisms associated with theStribeck curve. However, wear studies have shown a relationship between the nature of surface motion (rolling, sliding, crossshear, etc.) and wear patterns [30]. Therefore, in order to study therole of lubrication in this phenomenon, it is necessary to measure friction under the dynamic conditions associated with joint replacements. The purpose of this study was to determine a method for estimating the friction coefficient in a linear reciprocating machineunder kinematic and loading conditions representative of those encountered in total knee replacement. A reciprocating pin on disc friction and wear testing machine (AMTI OrthoPodTM, AMTITM, Watertown, MA) was used with deionized and distilled water lubrication. A protocol for data acquisition and analysis was designed, followed by statistical analysis that quantified the variability of the friction coefficient among different stations and tests. This study was designed to be used as basis for future work involving different lubricants, test geometries, and surface kinematics.2. Materials and methods. InstrumentationAn AMTI OrthoPodTM six station pin on di。[13]Denis V. Some problems of puteraided testing and “interviewlike tests”[J]. Computers amp。為提高測(cè)試系統(tǒng)的精確性和實(shí)時(shí)性,將計(jì)算機(jī)輔助測(cè)試系統(tǒng)應(yīng)用到摩擦學(xué)試驗(yàn)當(dāng)中,通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)采集系統(tǒng)和測(cè)試軟件系統(tǒng)完成摩擦磨損數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)時(shí)動(dòng)態(tài)測(cè)試,從根本上改變了傳統(tǒng)摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)的缺點(diǎn)。本文介紹了自行設(shè)計(jì)的強(qiáng)電流摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)及其實(shí)時(shí)在線檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),主要包括試驗(yàn)中各參量信號(hào)的獲取,A/D 轉(zhuǎn)換,以及對(duì)測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)誤差的軟件處理方法。使用結(jié)果表明,該測(cè)試系統(tǒng)可實(shí)時(shí)檢測(cè)和處理載荷、速度、溫度、摩擦力以及摩擦因數(shù)等參數(shù)信息,并以表格或圖像曲線形式顯示,有利于對(duì)試驗(yàn)材料的摩擦學(xué)特性變化作出實(shí)時(shí)、客觀、20量化的評(píng)估。[10]李建芳，楊世強(qiáng)，[J].潤(rùn)滑與密封2022，10:3639.設(shè)計(jì)了一種可用于模擬和檢測(cè)車輛減振器中導(dǎo)向套活塞桿摩擦副動(dòng)態(tài)摩擦學(xué)特性的往復(fù)摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)測(cè)試系統(tǒng)。[9]周楓，邱憲波，2022，4。本講通過(guò)一個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)實(shí)例說(shuō)明了設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)在摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)中的具體應(yīng)用問(wèn)題,并以舉例的形式詳細(xì)地介紹了在方案設(shè)計(jì)階段的各個(gè)主要工作步驟的實(shí)施方法,即建立要求明細(xì)表功能分析建立設(shè)計(jì)模幅箱方案選擇方案評(píng)價(jià)。 [8]桂長(zhǎng)林，沈健 .摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)設(shè)計(jì)的基礎(chǔ)Ⅲ.固體潤(rùn)滑，2022,1。根據(jù)本講所闡述的方法,既可使摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)的設(shè)計(jì)程序和方案評(píng)價(jià)建立在一套比較科學(xué)的和行之有效的方法上,又能作為建立摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī) CAD(計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì))系統(tǒng)的基礎(chǔ)。第二公理——摩擦學(xué)元素的特性是時(shí)間依賴的 。研究中應(yīng)特19別重視過(guò)程非線性、可逆性和混沌性，并積極探討摩擦自組織結(jié)構(gòu)的形成條件及其工業(yè)應(yīng)用的可能。為迎接挑戰(zhàn)并更好地指導(dǎo)工業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)，須重新探討摩擦學(xué)的研究方法，表征量的選擇及其思想方法。 [3]陳國(guó)安，葛世榮，王軍祥 .分析理論在摩擦學(xué)研究中的應(yīng)用[J].摩擦學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)，2022，5（2）：1518.采用尺度獨(dú)立的分形參數(shù)可使粗糙表面和磨屑形貌的表征簡(jiǎn)單明了，并使表征具有唯一性，易于識(shí)別；基于分形參數(shù)所建立的摩擦學(xué)研究模型的預(yù)測(cè)結(jié)果可望不受測(cè)量?jī)x器分辨率和取樣長(zhǎng)度的影響，因而比傳統(tǒng)的基于統(tǒng)計(jì)分析的模型更為合理和有效．綜述了分形幾何在粗糙表面的表征、接觸、磨損預(yù)測(cè)和摩擦溫度分布以及磨屑定量分析等方面的應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀和發(fā)展，指出了用分形理論研究摩擦學(xué)問(wèn)題時(shí)應(yīng)注意的著重點(diǎn)[4]戴振東，薛群基，[J].南京航天航空大學(xué)報(bào)，2022，12:5558.摩擦學(xué)是工程先導(dǎo)性的學(xué)科高度交叉綜合的前沿研究領(lǐng)域，是尚未成熟和最具活力的學(xué)科之一，它具有用戶要求多樣的特點(diǎn)。同時(shí)，還對(duì)本世紀(jì)末和下世紀(jì)初摩擦學(xué)的發(fā)展前景作了展望，認(rèn)為在摩擦學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)、新的摩擦學(xué)系統(tǒng)、特殊的摩擦學(xué)材料、新的表面技術(shù)和用于極端工況或特殊工況下的潤(rùn)滑劑等方面都將取得新的進(jìn)展，并且結(jié)合國(guó)內(nèi)實(shí)際，提出了加速我國(guó)摩擦學(xué)學(xué)科發(fā)展和推動(dòng)我國(guó)摩擦學(xué)工業(yè)應(yīng)用的建議。這幾個(gè)月以來(lái)，老師不僅在學(xué)業(yè)上給我以精心指導(dǎo)，同時(shí)還在思想給我以無(wú)微不至的關(guān)懷，在此謹(jǐn)向老師致以誠(chéng)摯的謝意和崇高的敬意。每次遇到難題，我最先做的就是向老師尋求幫助，而老師每次不管忙或閑，總會(huì)抽空來(lái)找我面談，然后一起商量解決的辦法。老師們課堂上的激情洋溢，課堂下的諄諄教誨；同學(xué)們?cè)趯W(xué)習(xí)中的認(rèn)真熱情，生活上的熱心主動(dòng)，所有這些都讓我的四年充滿了感動(dòng)。17致謝大學(xué)四年學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)光已經(jīng)接近尾聲，在此我想對(duì)我的母校，我的父母、親人們，我的老師和同學(xué)們表達(dá)我由衷的謝意。此次畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)真是讓我收獲頗豐，不僅讓我對(duì)專業(yè)課有了新的認(rèn)識(shí)而且得到了許多書(shū)本上沒(méi)有的東西。在 CAD 圖形繪制過(guò)程中，我用到了機(jī)械制圖這門課程。從前我對(duì)機(jī)械的認(rèn)識(shí)很是膚淺，只是會(huì)做一些課程設(shè)計(jì)。在畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)中期階段主要是完成自己部分機(jī)構(gòu)和零件的設(shè)計(jì)。該設(shè)計(jì)只是針對(duì)摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)的機(jī)械結(jié)構(gòu)部分進(jìn)行了相關(guān)的設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算和仿真，而電氣控制系統(tǒng)和檢測(cè)系統(tǒng)還需要進(jìn)一步的補(bǔ)充。該設(shè)計(jì)在滿足設(shè)計(jì)要求的前提下，力求結(jié)構(gòu)簡(jiǎn)單，制造成本低廉，沒(méi)有一味的追求高精度，適合進(jìn)行實(shí)際的生產(chǎn)。16小結(jié)摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)機(jī)是進(jìn)行摩擦磨損試驗(yàn)的有效設(shè)備，廣泛運(yùn)用于對(duì)各種高速刀具的摩擦磨損性能進(jìn)行測(cè)試和評(píng)價(jià)，是高速切削和新型刀具材料研制和應(yīng)用的必要設(shè)備。故只需要預(yù)先確定砝碼的重力，在測(cè)?PF?出傳感器受力大小，即可計(jì)算出摩擦系數(shù) P 正壓力 磨頭 下試件 F 摩擦力 15正壓力由人工根據(jù)需要通過(guò)法碼施加，是一個(gè)穩(wěn)定值。也可以采用定量化學(xué)分析的方法測(cè)量潤(rùn)滑油中所含磨屑的組成和質(zhì)量，這不僅可以測(cè)量各種元素的質(zhì)量，還可以根據(jù)材料使用情況來(lái)判斷磨損的部位。但這種方法對(duì)試樣表面有損害，不利于研究摩擦磨損過(guò)程中表層組織結(jié)構(gòu)的變化。4 壓痕或切槽法人為的在摩擦表面上壓痕或者切槽作為測(cè)量基準(zhǔn)，用基準(zhǔn)尺寸沿深度變化的規(guī)律度量磨損厚度。它實(shí)際反映了磨損表面的微觀變化，也可以直接從其粗糙度等級(jí)的變化，特別是磨損前后加工痕跡的減少來(lái)判斷磨損的程度。2 測(cè)量法使用千分尺、測(cè)長(zhǎng)儀和萬(wàn)能工具顯微鏡等測(cè)量試件在實(shí)驗(yàn)前后磨損表面的法向尺寸的變化或者磨損表面與某基準(zhǔn)面距離的變化。對(duì)所用天平的精密度要求取決于磨損量的數(shù)量級(jí)。磨損質(zhì)量和磨損體積是整個(gè)磨損件表面質(zhì)量和體積減少量的總和，而磨損厚度能夠反映磨損沿表面的分布情況。在試樣夾持器的下面加上一墊片，直徑大小和試樣夾持器相當(dāng)，但厚度可調(diào)，裝卸方便，是這個(gè)夾持器更加通用化。夾持器為中空結(jié)構(gòu)，后面有螺紋，只需將測(cè)試球從夾具的后端放入并用配套的零