【正文】 bread to survive；and rent controls were supposed to protect those who were renting when the demand for apartments exceeded the supply, and landlords were preparing to “gouge” their tenants.Despite the frequent use of price controls，however，and despite their appeal，economists are generally opposed to them，except perhaps for very brief periods during emergencies. The reason most economists are skeptical about price controls is that they distort the allocation of resources. Price ceilings，which prevent prices from exceeding a certain maximum，cause shortages. Price floors. which prohibit prices below a certain minimum，cause surpluses，at least for a time. Because controls prevent the price system from rationing the available supply，some other mechanism must take its place. A queue，once a familiar sight in the controlled economies of Eastern Europe，is one possibility.With all of the problems generated by controls，We can well ask why they are ever imposed and why they are sometimes maintained for so long. The answer，in part，is that the public does not always see the links between controls and the problems they create. General price controlscontrols on prices of many goodsare often imposed when the public bees alarmed that inflation is out of control. However，most inflation，even in wartime，is due to inflationary monetary and fiscal policies rather than to panic buying. Inflation is extremely difficult to contain through general controls，in part because the attempt to limit control to a manageable sector of the economy is usually hopeless. By examining cases in which controls have prevented the price mechanism from working，we gain a better appreciation of its usual elegance and efficiency. This does not mean that there are no circumstances in which temporary controls may be effective. But a fair reading of economic history shows just how rare those circumstances are.答：價格管制自古以來政府就試圖設定最高價或者最低價。答：限于篇幅原因，想要查看完整版真題解析點擊加入經濟學考研備戰(zhàn)群六、論述題（每題15分，共30分）1．試述近年來中國經常賬戶順差快速增長的原因、影響及調整對策。2．已知：折舊500億元、個人所得稅780億元、公司未分配利潤300億元、間接稅370億元、國內生產總值6200億元、企業(yè)所得稅640億元、轉移支付470億元、政府給居民戶支付的利息290億元。（2）降價前，電視價格為6000，銷量為200，因此，總銷售收入為：（元）。答：限于篇幅原因，想要查看完整版真題解析點擊加入經濟學考研備戰(zhàn)群五、計算題（第1題4分，第2題7分，共11分）1．，當價格為每臺6000元時，每月銷售量為200臺。道義勸告是指中央銀行運用自己在金融體系中的特殊地位和威望，通過對銀行及其他金融機構的勸告，影響其貸款和投資方向，以達到控制信用的目的。上述三大貨幣政策工具常常需要配合使用。貨幣當局認為總支出不足、失業(yè)有持續(xù)增加的趨勢時，可以降低法定準備率，使商業(yè)銀行能夠按更低的準備率，也就是按更多的倍數(shù)擴大貸款；也使商業(yè)銀行形成超額準備金，超額準備金擴大了商業(yè)銀行增加信用的基礎，增大了貸款能力。③法定準備率法定準備率是銀行準備金對存款的比例，由于這一比例是法定的，因而稱為法定準備率。當經濟風向顯示出總支出不足，因而失業(yè)有持續(xù)增加的趨勢時，中央銀行在公開市場買進政府債券，使政府債券價格提高到現(xiàn)有市場價格以上，而債券價格的上漲就等于利率的下降。公開市場業(yè)務是中央銀行穩(wěn)定經濟的最經常使用的政策手段，也是最靈活的政策手段。中央銀行在降低或提高再貼現(xiàn)率時，用控制銀行準備金的辦法迫使商業(yè)銀行及其他金融機構相應地降低或提高貸款利率。當貨幣當局認為總支出不足、失業(yè)有持續(xù)增加的趨勢時，就降低再貼現(xiàn)率，擴大再貼現(xiàn)的數(shù)量以鼓勵商業(yè)銀行發(fā)放貸款，刺激投資。（2）貨幣政策的手段主要有以下幾種：①再貼現(xiàn)率政策通常把中央銀行給商業(yè)銀行及其他金融機構的貸款稱為再貼現(xiàn)，把中央銀行對商業(yè)銀行及其他金融機構的貸款利率稱為再貼現(xiàn)率。答：（1）貨幣政策是指中央銀行通過控制貨幣供應量以及通過貨幣供應量來調節(jié)利率進而影響投資和整個經濟以達到一定經濟目標的行為。（3）廠商的生產規(guī)模比較小，因此，進入和退出一個生產集團比較容易。如此，便構成了壟斷因素和競爭因素并存的壟斷競爭市場的基本特征。一般說來，產品的差別越大，廠商的壟斷程度也就越高。壟斷競爭市場的形成條件主要有：（1）在生產集團中有大量的企業(yè)生產有差別的同種產品，這些產品彼此之間都是非常接近的替代品。答：壟斷競爭市場是指一個市場中有許多廠