【正文】 recipients of funds. Decisions based on utility as opposed to lack of utility are straightforward. But a decision among projects none of which has immediate utility is more difficult. The goal of the supporting agencies is the praisable one of supporting good as opposed to bad science, but a valid determination is difficult to make. Generally, the idea of good science tends to bee confused with the capacity of the field in question to generate an elegant theory. (74)However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world39。 flagrant 公然的十分明顯的；罪惡昭著的inequality：不公平，不平等tell：說明，表明underprivileged youngster：物質(zhì)條件差的/處于社會(huì)底層的/沒有特權(quán)的年輕人had he grown up = if he had grown up（虛擬語氣中條件句的倒裝）grow up：成長，興起，形成under more favorable circumstances 在較好的環(huán)境下circumstance：the sum of determining factors beyond willful control 客觀形勢(shì)，情況除意志控制外的決定因素的總和favorable：有利的，贊成的，討人喜歡的參考譯文：例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公，因此它們不能說明（如果）一個(gè)物質(zhì)條件差的年輕人，（如果）在較好的環(huán)境下成長的話，會(huì)有多大才干/多么的有本事/多么的能干。省略了前面的the tests workwhat is to be measured or predicted not be well defined：當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地定義時(shí)參考譯文：一般的說，當(dāng)所要測定的特征能很精確界定時(shí)，測試最為有效；而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。measure：測量, 測度, 估量, 分派, 權(quán)衡, 調(diào)節(jié) be most precisely defined：很精確界定。得分重點(diǎn)：并列結(jié)構(gòu)，省略結(jié)構(gòu)，插入結(jié)構(gòu)74)、In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：74) 介詞短語作狀語結(jié)構(gòu)In general, // 主句 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 the tests // work // most effectively // 時(shí)間狀語從句when // 從句的主語the qualities / 非謂語作后置定語to be measured // 謂語 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)can be most precisely defined // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（the tests work）least effectively // 時(shí)間狀語從句when // 從句中的主語從句what // （指代關(guān)系）is to be measured or predicted // 謂語 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)can not be well defined.詞義推敲：In general 一般的說，大體上work most effectively 最為有效the qualities to be measured：所要測定的特征qualities：特征，特性，品質(zhì)，品德。參考譯文：這些測試在多大程度上為后來的表現(xiàn)所證實(shí)，這取決于所采用信息的數(shù)量、可靠性和適應(yīng)性，以及解釋這些信息的技能和才智。 fitting 適合于…的適合于某特定的人，條件，事件或地點(diǎn)的；適宜的with which it is interpreted定語從句Which指代the skill and wisdom。validate：to establish the soundness of。得分重點(diǎn)：插入結(jié)構(gòu)，原因狀語從句，定語從句72 )How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：72) 主語從句How well // 從句的主語the predictions // 從句的謂語 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)will be validated // by later performance // 謂語 并列結(jié)構(gòu)1 固定短語depends upon // 多重定語the amount, / reliability, / and appropriateness // of the information / used // 并列結(jié)構(gòu)2 and 省略結(jié)構(gòu)（depends）on // the skill / and wisdom // 定語從句with which // （指代關(guān)系）it // 被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)is interpreted.詞義推敲：How well the predictions will be validated by：在多大程度上為……所證實(shí)be validated by：為……所證實(shí)。題目解析：71 )、The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with illinformed or inpetent users.結(jié)構(gòu)分析：71) 主句The target // is // wrong, // 原因狀語從句for // 狀語結(jié)構(gòu)in // attacking // the tests, // 從句的主句critics // divert attention from // the fault // 定語從句 主語that // 謂語 固定短語lies with // illinformed / or inpetent users.詞義推敲：The target 根據(jù)上下文，這里特指標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試for in attacking the tests：因?yàn)樵谂険魷y試的過程中for：因?yàn)閕n：在…過程中attack：攻擊，抨擊。（75）例如，測試并不彌補(bǔ)明顯的社會(huì)不公。有時(shí)這些測試能鑒別出一些學(xué)生，他們很高的潛在能力過去一直沒有被承認(rèn)。而當(dāng)所要測定或預(yù)測的東西不能明確地界定時(shí)，測試的效果則最差。（73）因此，在某一特定情況下，究竟是采用測試還是其他種類的信息，或是兩者兼用，須憑有關(guān)相對(duì)效度的經(jīng)驗(yàn)依據(jù)而定，也取決于諸如費(fèi)用和有無來源等因素。標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試提供了快速、客觀地得到某些信息的方法，這些信息是有關(guān)一個(gè)人所學(xué)到的知識(shí)、他所獲得的技能，或者他是屬于哪一類型的人。任何仔細(xì)記分的人都知道，所得到的信息總是不完全的，而且這些預(yù)測也總是會(huì)有錯(cuò)誤的?！　∷袑?duì)未來表現(xiàn)的有見識(shí)地的預(yù)測都是以在某種程度上了解有關(guān)過去的表現(xiàn)為基礎(chǔ)的:學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)成績、研究效益、銷售記錄或任何符合需要的信息。它的各種特性可以在規(guī)定條件下用適當(dāng)?shù)木葋頊y定。（71）把標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化測試作為抨擊目標(biāo)是錯(cuò)誤的，因?yàn)樵谂険暨@類測試時(shí)，批評(píng)者沒有注意到其弊病來自測試使用者對(duì)測試不解或使用不當(dāng)。得分重點(diǎn)：主語從句，并列結(jié)構(gòu)，賓語從句，被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)1995年Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. The standardized educational or psychological test that are widely used to aid in selecting, classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been the target of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in congress. (71)The target is wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention form the fault that lies with illinformed or inpetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools , with characteristics that can be measured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will be valuable , meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon the user .All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant past performance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. (72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount , reliability , and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is always inplete and that the predictions are always subject to error.Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned , the skills he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortings as other kinds of information. (73)Whether to use tests. other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning parative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.(74)In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting parable information about many people Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not bee