【正文】 ards collectivism and municipal and state_owned business. The railway panies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business!At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers. The growth of the limited liability pany and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners。 例 Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply_cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near_tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979—1980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double_digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term. Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four_fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy_intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production. For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices average $22 a barrel for a full year, pared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by only %% of GDP. That is less than one_quarter of the ine loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil_importing emerging economies—to which heavy industry has shifted—have bee more energy_intensive, and so could be more seriously squeezed. One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise in oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the backbone of general modity_price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economist39。 做文章作者態(tài)度題時，千萬不要把考生自己的態(tài)度揉進文章中，同時要注意區(qū) 分作者本人的態(tài)度與作者引用的觀點態(tài)度。例如作者在談 一件事時是用反諷的口氣，還是贊成的語氣，此類題所給的答案選項一般是四 個形容詞，考生應(yīng)在審題時就把握好這四個形容詞所表達的意思，然后返回文 章去尋找感覺。Co. may still be worth toasting. To which of the following is the author likely to agree? ［ A］ A new boom, on the horizon. ［ B］ Tighten the belt, the single remedy. ［ C］ Caution all right, panic not. ［ D］ The more ventures, the more chance.［ 2020年 55題］ C［正確答案］ 三、態(tài)度原則 命題專家命題時，為了驗證考生到底有沒有讀懂文章，會就整個文章或某個語 言區(qū)域相對較為主觀的態(tài)度設(shè)問。t mind a litter fewer bubbles in the job market. Many consumers seem to have been influenced by stock_market swings, which investors now view as a necessary ingredient to a sustained boom. Diners might see an upside, too. Getting a table at Manhattan39。re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. Home prices are holding steady in most regions. In Manhattan, “there39。t sound any alarms just yet. Consumers seem only mildly concerned, not panicked, and many say they remain optimistic about the economy39。s red_hot economy is cooling, lots of working folks had already seen signs of the slowdown themselves. From car dealerships to Gap outlets, sales have been lagging for months as shoppers temper their spending. For retailers, who last year took in 24 percent of their revenue between Thanksgiving and Christmas, the cautious approach is ing at a crucial time. Already, experts say, holiday sales are off 7 percent from last year39。t know if other clients are going to abandon me, too.” She says. Even before Alan Greenspan39。re concerned about saving some dollars.” So Spero is downscaling, shopping at middle_brow Dillard39。d like to, either. Most of her clients spend $12 to $50 weekly, but last month two longtime customers suddenly stopped showing up. Spero blames the softening economy. “I39。t biting her nails just yet. But the 47_year_old manicurist isn39。下列例題即為隱蔽 的主題題型經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的 形式，考生應(yīng)熟悉此類題型的語言形式，以利于審題時 準確判斷題型。s the delivery which causes the audience to smile, so speak slowly and remember that a raised eyebrow or an unbelieving look may help to show that you are making a lighthearted remark. Look for the humor. It often es from the unexpected. A twist on a familiar quote “If at first you don39。s notorious bad taste in ties. With other audiences you mustn39。s a doctor.” If you are part of the group which you are addressing, you will be in a position to know the experiences and problems which are mon to all of you and it39。 convention, of a story which works well because the audience all shared the same view of doctors. A man arrives in heaven and is being shown around by St. Peter. He sees wonderful acmodations, beautiful gardens, sunny weather, and so on. Everyone is very peaceful, polite and friendly until, waiting in a