【正文】 are most important? We can?t investigate all these issues… How can we handle this situation? 如何利用多層次投票法在團(tuán)隊(duì)意見一致的前提下按優(yōu)先順序排練問題呢 ? How about using the Multivoting technique to prioritize problems by using team consensus. 還有其它方法可以讓團(tuán)隊(duì)達(dá)成共識(shí)嗎 ? What other methods can be employed to generate team consensus? DA 4 Basic Tools Basic Tools Six Sigma Training 13 多層次投票法 MultiVoting ? 多層次投票法是讓團(tuán)隊(duì)在意見一致的前提下把問題按優(yōu)先順序排列 (和 FMEA方法相似 ). Multivoting allows a team to prioritize problems by using team consensus (similar to the FMEA method). ? 當(dāng)難以用客觀工具 (比如 柏拉圖 ) 分析問題時(shí) ,可以用多層次投票法 .它也可以作為客觀工具的補(bǔ)充 .多層次投票法的步驟如下 : It can be used if more objective methods (. Pareto charts) are unavailable, or it can be used as a plement to those methods. The process is as follows… ? 所有成員已經(jīng)有了問題清單 Have the list of issues available to all team members ? 最好在親合圖階段已做好 Already in Affinity Sets is best ? 通過一致意見決定有多少項(xiàng)目要投票 Decide by consensus how many items to vote for ? (n) =投票的數(shù)量 Number of Votes ? 每一個(gè)團(tuán)對(duì)成員都要寫下他們認(rèn)為重要的 n 個(gè)項(xiàng)目 Each team member writes down what they believe are the top (n) items. ? 將結(jié)果記分 , 去掉最低票數(shù)的項(xiàng)目 , 重復(fù)以上步驟 ,直到團(tuán)隊(duì)成員一致同意清單上的問題是重要的 .Tally the results。d have to restructure to even begin ? To busy fighting fires to start something new 溝通問題 Communication Issues ? Will never be able to sell the idea throughout the anization ? Employees are getting conflicting messages about the importance of Six Sigma 資源問題 Resource Problems ? No funding for education and training ? No ongoing group to model this behavior 教育問題 Educational Problems ? Don39。t understand systems thinking ? 管理層在開始階段從來不接受外界的幫助 Management will never accept outside help in beginning the process ? 公司試圖推行很多新事物 ,但是沒有進(jìn)行下去 Company has tried too many new things that haven39。t important to define why they belong together. ? 澄清有問題的建議 Clarify any ideas in question. ? 如果合適 , 可以把一個(gè)建議拷貝到一個(gè)以上的 親合圖內(nèi) .Copy an idea into more than one affinity set if appropriate. ? 檢查小的組別 , 他們是否屬于一個(gè)較大的小組 ?Look for small sets. Should they belong in a larger group? ? 是否大的組別需要拆分得更精心些呢 ?Do large sets need to be broken down more precisely? ? 當(dāng)大多數(shù)建議都已分類 ,你要開始為每一組制定名稱 When most of the ideas have been sorted, you can start to enter titles for each affinity set. DA 4 Basic Tools Basic Tools Six Sigma Training 10 親合圖舉例 Affinity Diagram Example 問題 : 在一個(gè)組織中推行 Six Sigma 的阻力 . 頭腦風(fēng)暴已經(jīng)發(fā)掘了如下觀點(diǎn) –請(qǐng)把這些項(xiàng)目進(jìn)行自然分類 PROBLEM: Obstacles in Implementing Six Sigma in an Organization Brainstorming Ideas Generated Can you naturally group these items? ? 沒有時(shí)間做 No time to do it ? 沒有時(shí)間做更多的事 (一天的工作時(shí)間只有 10小時(shí) )No time for any more work (work day is only 10 hours!) ? 在最開始 , 我們應(yīng)該進(jìn)行組織調(diào)整 We39。t have enough clue generation data to determine exactly where to start looking at potential causes for this problem. 團(tuán)隊(duì)在頭腦風(fēng)暴階段可能提出更多的想法 Maybe the team should conduct a Brainstorming session to generate more ideas. 頭腦風(fēng)暴階段有助于發(fā)掘很多非常好的潛在原因的建議 This brainstorming session will help to generate lots of good ideas for potential causes. 我們同樣可利用頭腦風(fēng)暴提出一個(gè)潛在解決方案清單 We can also use brainstorming to generate a list of potential solutions. 在我們用這個(gè)工具之前 ,我們要清楚什么是頭腦風(fēng)暴 ,從而確保我們能成功的使用它 . But before we do this lets make sure we understand what Brainstorming really is so we can set this session up for success. DA 4 Basic Tools Basic Tools Six Sigma Training 5 頭腦風(fēng)暴 Brainstorming ? 頭腦風(fēng)暴是指一個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)集合在一起圍繞一個(gè)特定的感興趣的問題來發(fā)掘新的意見或建議 Brainstorming is the name given to a situation when a group of people meet to generate new ideas around a specific area of interest. ? 用規(guī)則排除阻力 , 成員能夠自由思考 ,進(jìn)入新的思考范圍 , 產(chǎn)生很多新的建議和解決方案 . Using rules which remove inhibitions, people are able to think more freely and move into new areas of thought and so create numerous new ideas and solutions. ? 參加者說出他們想到的建議 , 然后在這些建議的基礎(chǔ)上再提出建議 .The participants shout out ideas as they occur to them and then build on the ideas raised by others. ? 所有建議都被記錄下來 , 不許有任何批評(píng) . 只有在頭腦風(fēng)暴階段結(jié)束時(shí) , 建議才會(huì)被評(píng)判 .All the ideas are noted down and are not criticized. Only when the brainstorming session is over are the ideas evaluated. ? 頭腦風(fēng)暴的其它定義 Some other Brainstorming definitions... ? 它是發(fā)掘新建議一種方法 , 尤其對(duì)導(dǎo)致問題的原因知之甚少時(shí) , A process for generating new ideas when there is little known causes for the problem. ? 對(duì)一個(gè)特殊問題發(fā)掘好的解決方案的一種方法 A process for generating list of good solution ideas for a specific problem. ? 在頭腦風(fēng)暴階段發(fā)掘建議時(shí) , 設(shè)法結(jié)合使用其它的工具 Try to use leverage off of other tools for generating ideas during the brainstorming session (SIPOC, Is/Is Not, FMEAs, Problem Definition, etc.,) 當(dāng)有極少的錯(cuò)誤發(fā)生時(shí) ,頭腦風(fēng)暴是非常好的工具 Brainstorming is very useful when few failures are available for contrasting against know good products., DA 4 Basic Tools Basic Tools Six Sigma Training 6 ? 達(dá)成一致意見并寫出問題陳述 Agree on and write down the problem statement ? 如果問題的定義已明確 ,會(huì)很容易做 Easily done if the Problem Definition is plete ? 允許每一位團(tuán)隊(duì)成員發(fā)表意見 – 不許批評(píng) Allow each team member to contribute No Criticism ? 輪流或自由發(fā)表意見 , 讓每個(gè)人都參加 In rotation, or free flow, make everyone participate ? 在活動(dòng)掛板或便事貼上列出所有建議 List all ideas on Flipchart or use PostIt Notes ? 繼續(xù)發(fā)掘建議直到再也找不出為止 Continue until ideas are exhausted... ? 對(duì)建議不要有個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)的評(píng)判 Postpone and withhold personal judgment of ideas ? 鼓勵(lì) 發(fā)散性的思維 Encourage wild and exaggerated ideas ? 記下建議的數(shù)量 (越多越好 )Remember that the quantity of ideas count (more the better) ? 在現(xiàn)有建議的基礎(chǔ)上提出其它的建議 Build on the ideas put forward by others ? 人人平等 , 對(duì)每個(gè)建議都沒有偏見 Every person and every idea has equal worth ? 重新檢查清單 ,注意是否清楚或有重復(fù) Review list for clarity/duplicates ? 組織整理清單 , 合乎邏輯的進(jìn)行分類 (親合圖 )Organize list into logical categories (Affinity Diagram) 如何使用頭腦風(fēng)暴 How to Conduct a Brainstorming Session DA 4 Basic Tools Basic Tools Six Sigma Training 7 親合圖 Affinity Diagram 現(xiàn)在團(tuán)隊(duì)有了一個(gè)建議的清單 … 他們?cè)鯓咏M織歸納這些建議 ? Now the team has a good list of ideas... how can t