【正文】 functions in the transfer of electrons from organic nutrients to oxygen or some other terminal donor:（電子供體）A substance that donates electrons in an oxidationreduction transfer:（電子轉(zhuǎn)移）Movement of electrons from substrates to oxygen via the carriers of the respiratory(electron transfer):（親電劑）An electrondeficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electronrich group(nucleophile).Electrophoresis（電泳）: Movement of charged solutes in response to an electrical field。the most wellstudied gradient:（電化學(xué)梯度）The sum of the gradients of concentration and of electric charge of an ion across a membrane。176。domains may have separate functions and may fold as independent, pact helix:（雙螺旋）The natural coiled conformation of two plementary, antiparallel DNA plot:（雙倒數(shù)作圖）A plot, of 1/Vo versus 1/[S], which allows a more accurate determination of Vmax and Km than a plot of V versus [S]。 end of looping:（DNA出環(huán)）The interaction of proteins bound at distant sites on a DNA molecule so that the intervening DNA forms a microarray:（DNA微陣列）A collection of DNA sequences immobilized on a solid surface, with individual sequences laid out in patterned arrays that can be probed by polymerase:（DNA聚合酶）An enzyme that catalyzes templatedependent synthesis of DNA from its deoxyribonucleoside 539。serves as the carrier of genetic chimera:（DNA嵌合）A DNA containing genetic information derived from two different cloning: Sec library:（DNA文庫）A collection of cloned DNA ligase：（DNA連接酶）An enzyme that creates a phosphodiester bond between the 339。, 539。（雙極分子）A molecule having both positive and negative acid: An acid having two dissociable :（二糖）A carbohydrate consisting of two covalently joined monosaccharide constant:（解離常數(shù)）(1)An equilibrium constant(Kd)for the dissociation of a plex of two or more biomolecules into its ponents。characterized by a failure in glucose transport from the blood into cells at normal glucose :（透析）Removal of small molecules from a solution of a macromolecule, by allowing them to diffuse through a semipermeable membrane into centrifugation:（差速離心）Separation of cell organelles or other particles of different size by their different rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal :（分化）Specialization of cell structure and function during embryonic growth and :（擴散）The net movement, of molecules in the direction of lower :（消化）Enzymatic hydrolysis of major nutrients in the gastrointestinal system to yield their simpler :（二倍體）Having two sets of genetic information。as distinct from a salvage :（脫氨基作用）The enzymatic removal of amino groups from biomolecules such as amino acids or code:（兼并密碼）A code in which a single element in one language is specified by more than one element in a second :（脫氫酶類）Enzymes catalyzing the removal of pairs of hydrogen atoms from their mutation:（刪除突變）A mutation resulting from the deletion of one or more nucleotides from a gene or :（變性）Partial or plete unfolding of the specific native conformation of a polypeptide chain, protein, or nucleic protein:（變性蛋白）A protein that has lost its native conformation by exposure to a destabilizing agent such as heat or acid。includes actin filaments, microtubules, and intermediate :（細胞漿）The continuous aqueous phase of the cytoplasm, with its dissolved solutes。s contents outside the nucleus but within the plasma membrane。s helical （皮質(zhì)類固醇激素）Steroid hormones formed by the adrenal :（共轉(zhuǎn)運）The simultaneous transport, by a single transporter, of two solutes across a antiport, reactions:（偶聯(lián)反應(yīng)）Two chemical reactions that have a mon intermediate and thus a means of energy transfer from one to the bond:（共價鍵）A chemical bond that involves sharing of electron :（嵴）Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial （cAMP受體蛋白）See cAMP receptor AMP(cAMP): A second messenger within cells。for example, substitution of Glu by enzymes:（組成酶）Enzymes required at all times by a cell and present at some constant level。for example, acetic acid(donor)and acetate(acceptor).Conjugate redox pair:（共扼氧還對）An electron donor and its corresponding electron acceptor form。s binding :（互補）Having a molecular surface with chemical groups arranged to interact specifically with chemical groups on another DNA(cDNA): A DNA used in DNA cloning, usually made by reverse transcriptase。for example, freezingpoint intermediate:（共同中間產(chǎn)物）A chemical pound mon to two chemical reactions, as a product of one and a reactant in the inhibition:（競爭性抑制作用）A type of enzyme inhibition reversed by increasing the substrate concentration。often contains a vitamin as a A:（輔酶A）A pantothenic acidcontaining coenzyme serving as an acyl group carrier in certain enzymatic B12: An enzymatic cofactor derived from the vitamin cobalamin, involved in certain types of carbon skeletal (輔助因子)An inorganic ion or a coenzyme required for enzyme :（相關(guān)的）Describing two biomolecules that normally interact。carries lipids from the intestine to the and trans isomers:（順反異構(gòu)體）See geometric :（順反子）A unit of DNA or RNA corresponding to one acid cycle:（檸檬酸循環(huán)）A cyclic system of for the oxidation of acetyl residues to carbon dioxide, in which formation of citrate is the first step。magnesiumporphyrin :（葉綠體）Chlorophyllcontaining photosynthetic organelles in some eukaryotic :（染色質(zhì)）A filamentous plex of DNA, histones, and other proteins, constituting the eukaryotic :（層析）A process in which plex mixtures of molecules are separated by many repeated partitionings between a flowing(mobile)phase and a stationary :（染色體）A single large DNA molecule and its associated proteins, containing many genes。used in the chromatographic separation of cationic : See plementary dogma:（中心法則）The organizing principle of molecular biology: genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to :（著絲粒）A specialized site within a chromosome, serving as the attachment point for the mitotic or meiotic (腦苷酯)Sphingolipid containing one sugar residue as a head :（生物合成途徑限制作用)The direct transfer of a reaction product(mon intermediate)from the active site of one enzyme to the active site of a differen