第10章_寡頭壟斷和壟斷競爭(參考版)
2025-03-10 01:06本頁面
【正文】 76 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的一些基本原則 ? Remove government constraints (約束 ) to petition. ? Remember that “ the tariff (關(guān)稅 ) is the mother of monopoly.” ? Promote vigorous (有力的 ) petition from foreign firms. 77 市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的一些基本原則 (2) ? Use auctions (拍賣 ) and petitive bidding (投標(biāo) ) whenever possible. ? Don’ t try to secondguess (預(yù)言 ) future technological trends. ? Encourage small businesses to challenge established firms. 78 End Of Lesson 79 演講完畢，謝謝觀看！ 。 MR A 71 說明 ? 用圖中三角形面積量度凈福利損失 (deadweight loss，無謂的損失 )應(yīng)滿足以下條件： ?沒有外部性； ?人們的貨幣開支是合理的； ?其他行業(yè)是完全競爭的。 68 不完全競爭的資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 69 不完全競爭的經(jīng)濟(jì)成本 100 200 MC=AC D D Output Price, MC, AC 6 當(dāng)沒有外部性時，定價 100，有 P = MC，表示社會生產(chǎn)某物品付出的邊際成本等于消費(fèi)該物品所得到的邊際效用。 ? 一般而言，知識產(chǎn)品的生產(chǎn)成本比物質(zhì)產(chǎn)品的更高，而復(fù)制的成本卻更低。 ? 評價壟斷問題應(yīng)當(dāng)從生產(chǎn)力的量和質(zhì)兩方面考慮，前者可以歸之為實(shí)證問題，后者可以歸之為規(guī)范問題。 61 動態(tài)效率 ? Dynamic efficiency measures the rate of technological change and innovation in an industry. 62 相反的觀點(diǎn) ? While the monopolist may have deep pockets (財(cái)富 ) to spend on developing new technologies, that same monopolist has little incentive (動機(jī) ) in the absence of petitors to introduce the technology so technological progress is actually slowed. 63 信息經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué) ? Because information is costly to produce but cheap to reproduce, markets in information are subject to severe market failures (市場失靈 ). ? The inability of firms to capture the full moary value of their inventions (發(fā)明 ) is called inappropriability (非專用性 ). 64 知識產(chǎn)權(quán) ? The purpose of intellectual property rights (知識產(chǎn)權(quán) ) is to give the owner special protection against the material being copied and used by others without pensation (補(bǔ)償 ) to the owner or original creator (創(chuàng)作者 ). 65 專利 ? Patent is a monopoly over the use of an invention conveyed (轉(zhuǎn)讓 ) by a government for a limited period of time, currently 20 years. ? The government increase the degree of appropriability (專用性 ) and thereby increase the incentives for people to invent useful new products. 66 說明 ? 專利是關(guān)于壟斷與競爭優(yōu)劣之爭的一個最好的例子。 ? 熊彼特關(guān)于企業(yè)越大，創(chuàng)新投入越多的見解并不是沒有爭議的。 ? 壟斷也能夠有更多的資金從事技術(shù)創(chuàng)新和擴(kuò)散的投資。 第二 ， 價格＝平均成本（ 1＋利潤加成率） ? 確定利潤加成水平的原則是需求價格彈性越小，加成率就越大，反之就越小。 53 成本加成定價 ? 成本加成定價：在定價實(shí)踐中，使用最多的是一種叫做成本加成的定價方法。 47 大公司的所有權(quán)與控制權(quán)分離 ? In 1996, more than million people owned ATT’ s shares. ? Because the stock of large panies is so widely dispersed (被分散的 ), ownership is typically divorced from control. 48 潛在利益沖突之一 ? First, insiders (內(nèi)部人員 ) may vote themselves large salaries, expense accounts, bonuses (獎金 ), and generous retirement pensions (退休金 ) at the stockholders’ expense. 49 潛在利益沖突之二 ? Second, the managers of a pany have an understan
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