【正文】
規(guī)模是專業(yè)化分工深度的決定因素之一n 要素的不可任意分割性;n 其他因素的影響;固定規(guī)模報(bào)酬Labor (hours)Capital(machinehours)5 10 152460A102030Constant Returns遞減規(guī)模報(bào)酬Labor (hours)Capital(machinehours)5 10 152460A102030Decreasing Returns主要鐵路干線運(yùn)輸密度 (million tons per routemile)Atchison, Topeka Santa Fe Baltimore Ohio Burlington Northern Chicago Northwestern Colorado Southern Fort Worth Denver Kansas City Southern Missouri Pacific Southern Pacific Union Pacific Western Pacific Railroad DensityExample: Returns to Scalein the Rail Industryn The table indicates many railroads could operate at a higher density and tends to support recent mergers of Burlington Northern and the Atchison, Topeka, and Sante Fe Railroad and the acquisition of the Chicago Northwestern by the Union Pacific Railroad.小結(jié)n 生產(chǎn)函數(shù)描述的任意特定的投入品組合所能生產(chǎn)的最大的產(chǎn)出n 等產(chǎn)量線是產(chǎn)量水平一定情況下投入品的各種組合,等產(chǎn)量線的特征。n 如: Q=f( L, K) t> 1 f( tL, tK) =tk( L, K)那么: Q=f( L, K)就是 k階齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù)。規(guī)模收益類型的判斷n 對(duì)于齊次生產(chǎn)函數(shù),可以根據(jù)生產(chǎn)函數(shù)的冪指數(shù)次數(shù)來判斷。n 2)規(guī)模收益不變:所有投入品 1%增加如果正好帶來產(chǎn)出 1%的增加。存在三種規(guī)模收益情況。n 全微分公式: dQ = ?Q/?x1( dx1) + ?Q/?x2( dx2) n 由于產(chǎn)量不變即 dQ = 0,則有n ?Q/ ?x1( dx1) + ?Q/?x2( dx2) = 0 n 于是, dx2 /dx1 = ?Q/?x1 /( ?Q/?x2) n ?Q/?x1 和 ?Q/?x2 分別是兩種要素的邊際產(chǎn)品,所以n dx2/dx1 = MP1/MP2; 即 MRTS是兩種投入品 MP比率。 .n Why did Malthus’ prediction fail?世界人均消費(fèi)食品指數(shù)19481952 1001960 1151970 1231980 1281990 1371995 135Year IndexMalthus 與食品危機(jī)n 數(shù)據(jù)顯示生產(chǎn)增加超過人口 The data show that production increases have exceeded population growth.n 鐵犁( 1808);收割機(jī)( 1826);擠奶機(jī)( 1878); 20世紀(jì)中期生物技術(shù)的 “綠色革命 ”1 2040 55 65 752 4060 75 85 903 5575 90 100 1054 6585 100 110 1155 75