【正文】
指出您在多大程度上認(rèn)為下列的說(shuō)法與您公司的情況相符關(guān)系型文化堅(jiān)決不同意不同意既不同意也不反對(duì)同意非常同意有太多的閑言碎語(yǔ)由于人們之間的緊密關(guān)系,人們可 以快速溝通 會(huì)議上的匯報(bào)象演戲,沒(méi)有實(shí)際內(nèi) 榮人們不會(huì)被制度所制約;工作中他們可以不考慮層級(jí)和制度的約束友情阻礙人們做出困難的決策友誼意味著人們同甘共苦。為了對(duì)您身處的多種文化做類型判斷,您可能做多次這種測(cè)試。Brien, 1982).附錄C調(diào)查問(wèn)卷確定企業(yè)文化類型指出您在多大程度上認(rèn)為下列的說(shuō)法與您公司的情況相符。 Lumpkin and Dess, 1996). From a rather extreme viewpoint, some researchers assert that real entrepreneurs create and pursue opportunities regardless of the resources possessed (Stevenson and Jarillo, 1990。 Davidsson and Wiklund, 2001。39。 Brown et al., 2001。 Lumpkin and Dess, 1996。 (1992: 9). In addition, OC may be an important contextual factor affecting theresponse of the firm to international entrepreneurial motives (cf. Liesch and Knight,1999). In order to nurture and foster an entrepreneurial posture firms should establish an OC that helps nourish such a posture (Cornwall and Perlman, 1990。s argument in that ``processes are embedded in contexts and can only be studied as such39。 Ireland et al.,2001。 Brazeal and Herbert, 1999。Man et al., 2002).Second, IE is a process, suggesting that IE embraces a dynamic and evolving development whose end products may take considerable time to materialize. In order to be successful, such a process can involve interrelated and integrated decisions(Jones, 1999) necessitating a significant degree of resource mitment (Mackenzie,2000). The outes of this process may be attained over a longterm horizon(cf. Pettigrew, 1997。 Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995。 Castanias and Helfat, 1991). Nevertheless, the organizational context favors the empowerment of middle and lowlevel managers and employees in firms with an entrepreneurial posture (Peters and Waterman, 1982。 Zahra and Garvis, 2000) seem to define and measure IE through the degree of innovativeness, risk taking, and proactiveness of the firm in international markets, a practice patible with the customary operationalization of entrepreneurship (Zahra et al., 1999a。 Shane and Venkataraman, 2000), although as an area of intellectual study it has been around for over two hundred years (Morris, 1998).The contribution of this paper is that it provides a conceptual framework for the examination of IE by investigating the general context in which it is embedded, namely organizational culture (OC). In accord with recent definitions and trends, we posit that IE can apply to any age or size of the firm. We explore the IE concept by investigating its overall organizational context in which it is embedded. The entrepreneurial activities of the firm are closely connected with its OC (Kanter, 1985。 Thomas and Mueller, 2000) that may guide future empirical studies. The scarcity of holistic frameworks is a problem frequently encountered in the entrepreneurship field also (Brazeal and Herbert, 1999。 Covin and Slevin, 1991。 (Giamartino et al., 1993。 Peng, 2001a).Nevertheless, there have been pleas for expansion of the IE domain in order to include also international activities of firms apart from ``born globals39。 firms. This view implies that IE is associated with the international growth of only new or small ventures, an assertion seemingly encountered in other recent writings also (Dana et al., 1999。Thomas and Mueller, 2000).In spite of this, the IE term is frequently used in a variety of different instances to the extent that this can create possible misunderstandings concerning its nature and applicability. In one of the early studies in the area, McDougall (1989) argues that IE is the development of new ventures that from inception go abroad, essentially rendering IE valuable only to the examination of ``born global39。 Ibeh and Young, 2001。 Zahra and Garvis, 2000). Entrepreneurship and internationalization are closely interrelated inasmuch as entering and venturing in foreign markets are viewed as entrepreneurial practices for the firm (Lumpkin and Dess, 1996。蒂蒙斯,1994年)。 Lumpkin和DESS,1996年)。39。巴蒂爾和卡塔拉曼,2000年)。第四,IE周圍發(fā)現(xiàn)和利用機(jī)會(huì)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上的演變。此外,創(chuàng)業(yè)活動(dòng)被視為一個(gè)組織的行為可以看作是由公司(邁耶,1982年)的文化結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。此外,業(yè)主立案法團(tuán)可能是一個(gè)承上啟下的重要因素,影響公司響應(yīng)國(guó)際創(chuàng)業(yè)動(dòng)機(jī),以培育和促進(jìn)創(chuàng)業(yè)的姿勢(shì)公司應(yīng)建立業(yè)主立案法團(tuán),幫助滋養(yǎng)這種風(fēng)格(康沃爾和帕爾曼,1990。我們認(rèn)為,為了充分了解的IE瀏覽器的表現(xiàn),這是作為一個(gè)過(guò)程來(lái)看,我們必須檢查,被嵌入以上所有組織的背景下。通過(guò)強(qiáng)調(diào)這個(gè)過(guò)程的功能,我們證實(shí)了相同的觀點(diǎn)扎赫拉和喬治(2002)最近表示關(guān)于創(chuàng)業(yè),也被許多學(xué)者共享(低和麥克米蘭,1988。這一進(jìn)程的結(jié)果可能會(huì)達(dá)到了一個(gè)長(zhǎng)期的結(jié)果(參見(jiàn)佩蒂格魯,1997年,范 第二,IE瀏覽器是一個(gè)過(guò)程,表明IE瀏覽器包含了一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的和不斷變化的發(fā)展,其最終產(chǎn)品可能需要相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間實(shí)現(xiàn)。這是在一個(gè)國(guó)際化的公司的目標(biāo),因?yàn)檫@些管理者和員工經(jīng)常與該公司的國(guó)際市場(chǎng)聯(lián)系和互動(dòng),因此,可以知道如何更好地服務(wù)他們產(chǎn)生的創(chuàng)新理念。范浩宏,1991年。)。這意味著它是不特定的頂級(jí)水平組織,外國(guó)子公司或國(guó)際業(yè)務(wù)部門(mén)。國(guó)際企業(yè)家的定義 我們定義國(guó)際企業(yè)家精神是組織全過(guò)程嵌入在該公司和組織文化,旨在通過(guò)開(kāi)發(fā)在國(guó)際市場(chǎng)上創(chuàng)造價(jià)值的機(jī)會(huì)。在第五部分,我們提出并討論通過(guò)借鑒公司IEC的六個(gè)維度研究組織理論,IE瀏覽器,創(chuàng)業(yè)精神,和國(guó)際業(yè)務(wù)。在第三部分,我們闡述了業(yè)主立案法團(tuán)的概念和方法是通過(guò)一個(gè)動(dòng)態(tài)的角度來(lái)看,ISOF的重要性,這也是我們的目標(biāo)。 本文的結(jié)構(gòu)如下:在第二部分中,我們定義為了澄清這個(gè)構(gòu)造和建立它的界限。里昂等,2000)。實(shí)現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo),我們還可以使用IE瀏覽器,創(chuàng)業(yè)的想法和國(guó)際商業(yè)文獻(xiàn)。扎赫拉等,2001)。我們探索的IE瀏覽器的概念調(diào)查其組織的整體背景。本文的貢獻(xiàn)在于,它提供了一個(gè)概念框架調(diào)查,一般情況下,它被嵌入IE瀏覽器檢查,即組織文化(OC)。整體稀缺框架是經(jīng)常在創(chuàng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域也遇到了問(wèn)題(Brazeal和赫伯特,1999年。根據(jù)發(fā)展的需要,托馬斯和理論框架,在IE面積(麥克杜格爾,2000。這兩個(gè)定義,是尋求捕捉創(chuàng)業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)的任何在國(guó)外不論年齡大小的公司的行為。因此,最近麥克杜格爾(2000)建議IE瀏覽器應(yīng)是創(chuàng)新和積極進(jìn)取的混合物,以及風(fēng)險(xiǎn)尋求跨越國(guó)界的行為。 范浩宏,1991。這種觀點(diǎn)只有新的或小的國(guó)際增長(zhǎng)意味著IE瀏覽器企業(yè),看似斷言中遇到的其他最新著作(達(dá)納等人,1999年Burgel和穆雷,2000年,李鵬,2001A)。 盡管如此,IE瀏覽器長(zhǎng)期頻繁使用在各種不同的情況下的程度,這可以建立關(guān)于其性質(zhì)和可能的誤解適用性。然而,盡管間國(guó)家創(chuàng)業(yè)(IE)最近抓獲間日益增長(zhǎng)的興趣,全國(guó)商業(yè)領(lǐng)域的研究人員,仍處于起步階段(托馬斯扎赫拉的創(chuàng)業(yè)實(shí)踐等人,1999年。扎赫拉,2000)。我們發(fā)展和國(guó)際討論的概念框架企業(yè)文化,其中包括六個(gè)相互關(guān)聯(lián)的層面:國(guó)際市場(chǎng)為導(dǎo)向,國(guó)際學(xué)習(xí)的方向,國(guó)際創(chuàng)新的傾向,國(guó)際風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的態(tài)度,國(guó)際聯(lián)網(wǎng)的方向,和國(guó)際的動(dòng)機(jī)。在論文即將完成之際,我的心情無(wú)法平靜,從開(kāi)始進(jìn)入課題到論文的順利完成,有多少可敬的師長(zhǎng)、同學(xué)、朋友給了我無(wú)言的幫助,在這里請(qǐng)接受我誠(chéng)摯的謝意!最后我還要感謝培養(yǎng)我長(zhǎng)大含辛茹苦的父母,謝謝你們!最后,再次對(duì)關(guān)心、幫助我的老師和同學(xué)表示衷心地感謝!參考文獻(xiàn)[1][J].(17)[2]M E Competitive Advantage of Nations[M]..1990[3]王宇露. 企業(yè)核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力體系中的企業(yè)文化——原因、地位及其管理[D]. 江西財(cái)經(jīng)大學(xué) 2004[4]’’s Social and Political Thought[M]..1994[5][J]. 河北學(xué)刊. 2005(03)[6]Deshpande R