【正文】 Allegro制作FPGA次級及三級模塊連接圖傳感器附錄3 外文參考資料翻譯（原文、譯文）外文資料State Energy Program Case StudiesCalifornia Says “Go” to EnergySaving Traffic LightsTraffic lights made from LEDs, or lightemitting diodes, are much more energy efficient than the oldfashioned incandescent lamps they usually replace. They’re also more costly to purchase, so they’re perfect for funding assistance from state energy offices. Rolling blackouts hit California beginning in January 2001. As homeowners purchased thousands of pact florescent bulbs and shifted their electricity use away from peak hours, businesses felt the impact too. Millions of dollars in lost productivity were attributed to the disruption of electric service. When the steady flow of power was restored, the blame was placed at the feet of power generators who legally manipulated supplies and prices in the newly restructured electricity market. One positive consequence was California’s Peak Load Reduction Program (PLRP), made possible by three state legislative bills passed in 2000 and 2001. Californians consider it a direct response to the energy shortages during those years. The PLRP was multidimensional. It affected homes, businesses, municipalities, utilities, hospitals, schools, and farms. It aimed to reduce energy consumption throughout the state, particularly during peak periods. It provided lowinterest loans and other incentives for energyefficient equipment, realtime electric meters for mercial customers, sunlightreflective roofing materials, energy consumption monitoring plans, lowinterest loans, and many more demandreducing measures. Many such measures were managed in the offices of the California Energy Commission. LED traffic lights constitute one of the great success stories that resulted from the PLRP. LEDs, or lightemitting diodes, are used in familiar applications such as cell phone readouts, flatpanel puter monitors, and reading lamps on airplanes. They are also mon in larger outdoor installations, including roadway message boards, railroad signals, and traffic lights. Some public agencies are starting to use LEDs in highway exit signs because of their longevity and low maintenance costs. Traffic control is one of the best possible uses of LED lights. They produce light only of the desired colors, such as red, amber, and green. With no need to filter the light through a lens, true colors need to filter the light through a lens, true colors are produced more efficiently, with less energy wasted on heat. LED lights consume roughly 10% of the power consumed by incandescent lamps. Their energy use is 8–25 Watts, depending on size and color, pared to a range of roughly 67–150 Watts for incandescent lamps. LED lights also look brighter. Equally important is their longevity. When stoplights burn out, replacing them is inconvenient at best, and the loss of traffic control can be dangerous. LED traffic lights can last as long as ten years, pared to roughly two years for their conventional counterparts. Those advantages make LEDs well suited for other hardtoaccess applications, including highway signs and water buoys. Battery Backup A related safety benefit is the adaptability of LED traffic lights to battery backup systems. Because the lights use so little electricity, they can be equipped with batteries to keep them going for two hours or more in the event of a power outage. Yellow LED lights are also deployed as emergency flashers by highway work crews. When LED lights go out, they go gradually. As a signal ages, it loses brightness. As different colors degrade at different rates, the maintenance crew can measure their brightness and plan a coordinated strategy to replace units as needed, rather than rushing to replace them all. In California, electricity consumption is greatest on hot summer afternoons. The “peak load” occurs between 2:00 . and 6:00 . on weekdays from June through September. Traffic lights are part of the problem. The state has an estimated 40,000 intersections with million traffic lamps. (That’s counting all red, amber, and green lamps, as well as the walk and don’t walk signs, the “walking person” and “hand” symbols, and directional arrows.) By early 2004, about half the lamps in California had been replaced with the LED type, the state resulting energy saving—approximately 60 megawatts—is enough to power nearly 60,000 homes. Among many other responsibilities, the Energy Commission administers the State Energy Program (SEP). “SEP activities are a relatively small part of it all,” says Virginia Lew, manager of the mission’s efforts to support LED traffic lights. She estimates that direct federal funding now represents perhaps 5% of the mission’s funding for energy conservation projects such as LED traffic signals. A greater part of energy conservation funding es from the federal Petroleum Violation Escrow Account than from SEP, Lew said. “Still, federal money, including SEP funds, has been an important contributor to many forms of energy conservation in California, including LED traffic lights.” No other state has been as aggressive as California in encouraging LED traffic lights. But the technology has penetrated about 30% of the traffic light market nationwide, according to a DOE study pleted in November 2003 by Navigant Consulting. LED lights have been installed on a broad scale in many large cities, including New York City, which pleted a $ million replacement project in 2004. 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