【正文】 t present hereand like Myfriend Jo is not in the room. or It willprobably rain next Thursday. Prairie dogs may be able to tell you about a hawk at circling over head right now,but theynever show any inclination to describe theone theysaw last week. 源于： 小馬過(guò)河 相關(guān)推薦： 2020 年 11 月 18 日托福寫作真題解析 全國(guó)免費(fèi)咨詢電話： 4000123267 2020 年 11 月 18 日托福口語(yǔ)真題解析 2020 年 11 月 18 日托福閱讀真題解析 2020 年 11 月 18 日托福聽(tīng)力真題解析 。s message is built from smaller parts, like say for example, our prairie 全國(guó)免費(fèi)咨詢電話： 4000123267 dogs spot a predator,a big coyoteapproaching rapidly. So theprairie dog makesa callthat means coyote,then one that meanslarge,and then another one to indicate its speed. Butyou really suppose it makes any difference what order these calls ein? the discreteunits that make up language can be put togetherin different ways. Those smaller partscan be used to form an infinite number of messages, including messages that are pletelynovel, that have never been expressed example, we can differentiate between: A large coyote movesfast. and say Movethe large coyote fast.or Movefast, large coyote.,and Itruly doubt whether anyone has everuttered eitherof these sentences language is productive and openended munication system, whereas no other munication system has this another featureof language that39。re type ofrodent who burrowsin the ground and the grasslands ofthe west United Statesand Mexico. And in this study,the researchers looked at the highpitched barks a prairie dog makes when it spots from this theymade some pretty.., well,theymade some claims about these calls qualifying as an actuallanguage, with its own primitive grammar. Butactually, these warning calls are no different from those found among certain types of monkeys. Well, let39。re talking about. And for those of you who don39。s a good example... D:I mean Imention this cause like in my biology class last year, Ikind of remembertalking about a study on prairie dogs, where, Ithink the researchers claimed thatthe warning criesof prairie dogs constitute language, because theyhave this, differentparts of know,like nouns, to name the type of predatortheyspotted, adjectivesto describe itssize and shape, verbs..., but now it seems like... L: Allright, hold on a 39。s able to bark. It barks without having to learn how from otherdogs, it just barks. But much of human language has to be learned from other humans. What else makeshuman language unique? What makesit different from animal munication? Debber? D:How about grammar? Like having verbs, nouns, adjectives? 全國(guó)免費(fèi)咨詢電話： 4000123267 L: OK, that39。sdance movements, to theword and sentencesfound in human languages. All these signals conveymeaning. And all munication systems serve a purpose, a pragmatic function of some of danger perhaps or offering other needed information. Butthere39。s a fair question. OK, well, tostart with, let39。d like to look at some munication systemsfound in mammals, particularly in primates,such as orangutans, chimpanzees,gorillas... Yes,Thomas? T: Excuse me, when you talk about gorilla language, do you mean like, those experiments wherehumans taught them sign language or a language like... 全國(guó)免費(fèi)咨詢電話： 4000123267 L: OK, wait just a minute. Now,who in this class heard me use theword language?No one Ihope. What we39。re not sure thereis a problem with the water. Maybe it wastoo salty. That39。d expectto find fossils from a variety of animals, and numerous fossils have been found at least at theseparticular 全國(guó)免費(fèi)咨詢電話： 4000123267 sites. But,where did these animals e from? Well, thetheorythat has been suggested is that theymigrated in from nearby habitats wheretheywere already living. Then as thelakes dried up, theydied study makesa couple of interesting points about the fossils, which I hope will be looked at in future studies. At older lake sites, their fossil remains from hippopotamuses,waterbuffalo, animals that spend much of their lives standing in water,and also, fossils ,at the sitesof themore recent lakes, there’re only cattlefossils, additional evidencefor geologists that these lakeswere probably smaller, shallower,because cattle only use water for drinking. So theysurvive on much less. Interestingly, thereare clams and snail shells。t last verylong, from a fewmonths to a few years on average. As for the more recent lakes, the onesfrom 10000 years ago, well, theyseemed tohave been smaller,and so mayhave dried up more quickly. Another difference,very important today for distinguishing between older lake beds and newerones, is the location of the limestone formations. The more recentbeds are high up in the dunes. Why these differences?Well, thereare some ideas about that, and theyhave to do with the shapes of thesand dunes, when the lakes were formed. 37000 years ago, the dunes wereprobabl