【正文】 非謂語語法功能的比較 做賓語的非謂語動詞比較情況常用動詞只接不定式做賓語的動詞hope, want, offer, long, fail, expect, wish, ask, decide, pretend, manage, agree, afford, determine, promise, happen只接動名詞做賓語的動詞或短語mind, miss, enjoy, imagine, practise, suggest, finish, escape, excuse, appreciate, admit, prevent, keep, dislike, avoid, risk, resistfeel like, succeed in, be fond of, object to, get down to, be engaged in, insist on, think of, be proud of, take pride in, set about, be afraid of, be tired of, look forward to, devote oneself to, be worth, be busy, pay attention to, stick to兩者都可以意義基本相同begin, start, like, love, hate, prefer, continue（接不定式多指具體的動作，接動名詞多指一般或習(xí)慣行為）need, want, require（主語與動名詞之間存在邏輯上的動賓關(guān)系，接動名詞主動形式表示被動意義，若接不定式則應(yīng)用被動形式）意義相反stop to do 停止手中所做的事，去做另一件事 stop doing 停止正在做的事意義不同remember/forget/regret to do（指動作尚未發(fā)生）remember/forget/regret doing（指動作已經(jīng)發(fā)生）go on to do（接著做另外一件事）go on doing（接著做同一件事）try to do（設(shè)法，努力去做，盡力）try doing（試試去做，看有何結(jié)果）mean to do（打算做，企圖做）mean doing （意思是，意味著）can’t help （to） do（不能幫忙做）can’t help doing（忍不住要做）be considered to have done被認為已經(jīng)做了consider…to be認為是consider doing考慮做某事非謂語動詞做賓語補足語的區(qū)別分 類常見動詞與賓語的邏輯關(guān)系及時間概念例 句不定式ask, beg, expect, get, order, tell, want, wish, encourage主謂關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作將發(fā)生或已經(jīng)完成I asked to be sent to the countryside.I heard him call me several times.have, notice, see, watch, hear, feel, let, make現(xiàn)在分詞notice, see, watch, hear, find, keep, have, feel主謂關(guān)系，強調(diào)動作正在進行，尚未完成I found her listening to the radio.過去分詞動賓關(guān)系，動作已經(jīng)完成，多強調(diào)狀態(tài)We found the village greatly changed.IV. 非謂語動詞做定語的區(qū)別分 類區(qū) 別例 句不定式與被修飾詞往往有動賓關(guān)系，一般式表示將來，進行式表示與謂語動作同時發(fā)生，完成式表示在謂語動詞之前發(fā)生I have a lot of papers to type.I have a lot of papers to be typed.I haven’t decided which hotel to stay at.(介詞at不能丟)動名詞通常指被修飾詞的用途，無邏輯上的主謂關(guān)系Shall we go to the swimming pool?現(xiàn)在分詞與被修飾詞之間是主謂關(guān)系，表示動作與謂語動作同時發(fā)生the boiling water / the boiled waterthe developing country/the developed countrythe falling leaves/the fallen leaves過去分詞與被修飾詞之間是被動關(guān)系，表示動作發(fā)生在謂語動作之前，現(xiàn)已經(jīng)完成或只表示狀態(tài)注意：the bridge to b。因此同學(xué)們要特別注意弄清句子的結(jié)構(gòu)。如：他明天來拜訪你。一、謂語與非謂語的比較非謂語動詞是漢語中沒有的語言現(xiàn)象。 took part in the sports sports meet was taken part in by her.因為象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表狀態(tài)動詞沒有被動語態(tài)。 help each other/one other/One another is helped by 。常見動look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。The cloth washes 。The pen writes 。This knife cuts 。被動：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).＋be＋過去分詞：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.：主語＋被動式謂語＋不定式的被動式＋其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the readingroom.The murderer was ordered to be shot.下面主動形式常表示被動意義，用以表示主語的品質(zhì)和狀態(tài)。Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.漢語有一類句子不出現(xiàn)主語，在英語中一般可用被動結(jié)構(gòu)表示：It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that… It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that… It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…被動語態(tài)的句型：主語（受動者）＋be＋過去分詞＋（by＋施動者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.＋get＋過去分詞＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用這種結(jié)構(gòu)不能帶有“by＋施動者”（直接賓語和間接賓語）的主動句變?yōu)閯泳洌渲髡Z可以是直接賓語，也可以是間接賓語。II. 動詞的被動語態(tài)常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu) 成常用被動語態(tài)構(gòu) 成1一般現(xiàn)在時am/is/are done6過去進行時was/were being done2一般過去時was/were done7現(xiàn)在完成時have/has been done3一般將來時shall/will be done8過去完成時had been done4過去將來時should/would be done9將來完成時will/would have been done5現(xiàn)在進行時am/is/are being done10含有情態(tài)動詞的can/must/may be done注意事項被動語態(tài)的否定式是在第一個助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后加not，短語動詞的被動態(tài)不可漏掉其中介副詞。 had finished D. wrote。 has finished B. was writing。 noticed說明：slip和notice 為同時發(fā)生的動作，因此B、C為錯誤選項，slipped指過去有結(jié)果的動作（他溜進去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜進去的一剎那發(fā)生的情況（沒有人注意）。 noticed C. slipped。過去進行時表示某個時候或某段時間正在進行的動作— Hey, look where you are going! — Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______. A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing. C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.說明：對話的后者顯然是在解釋剛才不小心冒犯對方時正在做的事情.一般過去時與過去進行時的比較一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài)Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.A. slipped。 es D. will just help out。 es B. have just helped out。 have you been說明：didn’t know 強調(diào)見面前不知道I read the novel last month. (只說明上個月看了，不涉及現(xiàn)在是否記住)現(xiàn)在完成時與現(xiàn)在完成進行時的比較著重表示動作的結(jié)果時，用現(xiàn)在完成時I have read that 。 are youC. haven’t known。將來時用 法例 句1be + doing 進行時表將來go, e, start, move, leave, arrive等詞可用進行時表示按計劃即將發(fā)生的動作He is moving to the south.Are they leaving for Europe? 2be about to + 動詞原形表示安排或計劃中的馬上就要發(fā)生的動作，后面一般不跟時間狀語I was about to leave when the bell rang.The meeting is about to close.3be to + 動詞原形表示按計劃進行或征求對方意見We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.4一般現(xiàn)在時表將來時刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來The meeting starts at five o’clock.The plane leaves at ten this evening.項 目區(qū) 別例 句一般過去時與現(xiàn)在完成時的比較現(xiàn)在完成時強調(diào)過去動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生的影響或造成的結(jié)果We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened說明：說話者強調(diào)Jane 目前的狀況.Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country. A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works (只說明他過去當過木匠不涉及到現(xiàn)在) 一般過去時只表達過去的動作或狀態(tài)Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?A. don’t know。I was told that he was going to return home.有人告訴我他準備回家。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.過去完成進行時had been doing表示動作或狀態(tài)從過去某個時刻開始一直延續(xù)到另一個過去時刻才完成，還將繼續(xù)下去。常和by短語，when,before引起的時間狀語連用。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等動詞的過去完成時來表示未實現(xiàn)的希望、打算或意圖。”可采用①“ago法”He joi