微觀經(jīng)濟學英文版第一章(參考版)
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【正文】 Microeconomic concepts are used by everyone to assist them in making choices as consumers and producers. ?重要性和廣泛的應用性 :可應用于實際決策工作 Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 55 要點總結 Summary ?微觀經(jīng)濟學涉及小經(jīng)濟單位的決策Microeconomics is concerned with the decisions made by small economic units. ?微觀經(jīng)濟學倚重于理論和模型的運用 . Microeconomics relies heavily on the use of theory and models. Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 56 要點總結 Summary ? 微觀經(jīng)濟學涉及實證和規(guī)范分析 . Microeconomics is concerned with positive questions and normative analysis. ? 市場 是相互作用的買者和賣者的集合和由此引起的買賣可能性 . A market refers to a collection of buyers and sellers who interact and to the possibility for sales and purchases that results from that interaction. Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 57 要點總結 Summary ? 市場價格基于買賣雙方相互作用 .The market price is established by the interaction of buyers and sellers. ? 市場必須從地理邊界和產品范圍兩個方面作出定義 .A market’s geographic boundaries and range of products must be defined. ? 為消除通貨膨脹的影響 ,我們必須衡量實際價格而不是名義價格 . To eliminate the effects of inflation we measure real prices, rather than nominal prices. 第一章結束 End of Chapter 1 Preliminaries 。 diesel ?相機 :單鏡頭反射式的 ,一次成像和數(shù)字式的相機 (用途不同 ) Cameras: SLR’s, point amp。 ?第二 ,應當通過與事實比較檢驗理論的解釋和預測 . ?如果一個理論不能被檢驗 ,則對我們理解現(xiàn)實用處不大 —缺乏有用性和有效性 . Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 30 實證和規(guī)范 Positive Versus Normative Analysis ?實證分析 (是什么 ) Positive Analysis ?實證分析 是運用理論和模型來預測選擇的影響 . Positive analysis is the use of theories and models to predict the impact of a choice. ?解釋和預測 (理論 → 模型 → 預測 ) ?微觀經(jīng)濟學的中心 Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 31 實證分析 Positive Analysis ?例如 : For example: ?進口配額對進口汽車有什么樣的影響 ? What will be the impact of an import quota on foreign cars? ?提高汽油稅有什么樣的影響 ? What will be the impact of an increase in the gasoline excise tax? ? 對廠商經(jīng)理和公共政策制定者都很重要 Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 32 實證和規(guī)范 Positive versus Normative Analysis ?規(guī)范分析 (應是什么 ) Normative Analysis ?規(guī)范分析 從“應當是什么”的角度表述問題Normative analysis addresses issues from the perspective of “What ought to be?” ?或“什么才是最佳的” ?政策的選擇 ,政策的設計 (成本和收益 ,最佳稅收是多少 ) ?價值判斷作為補充 :公平與效率的權衡 Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 33 規(guī)范分析 Normative Analysis ?例如 : For example: ?提高汽油稅與外國油的進口限制要考慮公平與效率的權衡取舍 . Consider the equity and efficiency tradeoff of an increase in the gasoline excise tax versus import restriction on foreign oil. ?政策的選擇和設計 —稅率多高是最佳的 ? Chapter 1: Preliminaries Slide 34 實證和規(guī)范 Positive versus Normative Analysis ?問題 :一種陳述可能包含實證和規(guī)范嗎 ? ?例 ,藍領
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