【正文】
(f ) skills acquired outside the formal school system。 (d) small scale of operation。 (b) reliance on indigenous resources。民營部門和正規(guī)部門之間的工資差別在主要是他們在市場評價方面的差異,而不是二人稟賦不同。 第三,在所有移民工作組中,個體經(jīng)營者感到最滿意自己目前的情況,而正規(guī)部門的打工仔卻往往感到不太滿意。這可能表明,在民營部門,就業(yè)的工資收入充當(dāng)了農(nóng)村向城市移民的重要因素。 結(jié)語 首先,一部分優(yōu)秀的人才傾向于在民營部門從事個體經(jīng)營的工作,而不是在正規(guī)部門工作;另一方面,正規(guī)部門就業(yè)品質(zhì)與民營部門部分相當(dāng)。首先是概念混亂,民營部門在發(fā)展中是常用的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)術(shù)語,民營部門的基本特征被描述為“低工資”、“家庭型”、“員工易于自由進(jìn)入”和“缺乏穩(wěn)定的雇傭關(guān)系”等。在幾十年來,辯論雙方的經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家們一直試圖證明他們的論點(diǎn)。另一個原因可能是民營部門發(fā)揮的作用,因?yàn)槠湓诤艽蟪潭壬先Q于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展階段和經(jīng)濟(jì)體制的設(shè)置。可能有兩個導(dǎo)致爭議的重要原因。城市民營部門在農(nóng)村向城市的遷移的過程中未有較多基于中國基礎(chǔ)上的研究,本文以填補(bǔ)這一空白。這種趨勢已經(jīng)如此強(qiáng)大,它吸引了政策制定者和學(xué)者們大量的注意力。 本研究在以中國 1504 個農(nóng)村為勘測數(shù)據(jù),審查農(nóng)村都市遷移的這個專題的各個方面。許多研究開始已經(jīng)聚焦這種“螞蟻式”的遷移運(yùn)動,但較少研究關(guān)注城市的民營部門在本次活動中起的作用。 educational facilities, employment and subsidized or rationed food supplies because they do not change their household registration and hence are not entitled to government assistance in these areas, as official city residents are. In reality, however, many of them are living, working and studying in the urban destinations for prolonged periods. Therefore, a substantial proportion are de facto city residents. While temporary residents provide cities with services that are needed by both the urban economy and the urban residents, they also utilize nearly all aspects of the urban infrastructurehousing, transportation, power, sanitation and general supplies of daily food and consumer goods and amenities. Therefore, in considering the impact of migration on the overall social economic development in urban places, these de facto residents must be taken into account. Failure to do so could lead to serious problems in planning for urban services and the quality of urban life. The greater flexibility that China has allowed in its rural and urban economic systems creates pressures for more flexibility in its migration policies, (Chapman and Prothero 1983), teaches us that many people in these countries are, in fact, neither exclusively rural nor exclusively urban。 Foreign original one: Originate from: International Migration Review, Autumn, 1990 Migrant workers in Zhejiang Province, China: The Impact of Government Policies Xiushi Yang China39。要克服這些限制,需要人口遷移方面更加全面的數(shù)據(jù),需要涵蓋長期或臨時的運(yùn)動,且需要師經(jīng)過國家或省級的特別設(shè)計(jì)的調(diào)查。 考慮到這些可能性的分析結(jié)果,筆者建議將研究的重點(diǎn)從移民 登記系統(tǒng)上轉(zhuǎn)至人口流動形態(tài)上。要想較好地做到這點(diǎn),我們的政策需要注意到所有形式的人口遷移,包括臨時的運(yùn)動,我們要用理論上公式,在我們研究的基礎(chǔ)上,努力開發(fā)有效的且符合要求的政策。 (Chapman Prothero 1983)教導(dǎo)我們,這些國家的許多人事實(shí)上不僅僅只屬于農(nóng)村和城市。因此,在考慮移民對于城市的綜合影響上,這部分實(shí)際上的居民必須加以考慮,如果不予以考慮