【正文】 8 英文原文： Current situation of energy consumption and measures taken for energy saving in the iron and steel industry in China Laboratory of Ecologic and Recycle Metallurgy, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, People’s Republic of China Abstract A survey of the key issues associated with the development in the Chinese iron and steel industry and current situations of energy consumption are described in this paper. The apparent production of crude steel in China expanded to million tonnes in 2021, which was about 34% share of the world steel production. The iron and steel industry in China is still one of the major high energy consumption and high pollution industries, which accounts for the consumption of about % of the national total energy, and generation of 14% of the national total wastewater and waste gas and 6% of the total solid waste materials. The average energy consumption per unit of steel is about 20% higher than that of other advanced countries due to its low energy utilization ef?ciency. However, the energy ef?ciency of the iron and steel industry in China has made signi?cant improvement in the past few years and signi?cant energy savings will be achieved in the future by optimizing enduse energy utilization. Finally, some measures for the industry in terms of the economic policy of China’s 11th ?veyear plan are also presented. Keywords: Iron and steel industry Energy consumption Energy saving 1 Introduction The steel industry has for long played an important role in the development of China’s economy. Over the past decades, China’s steel industry has grown rapidly, overtaken Japan, and bee the world’s largest steel producer in 1996. In 2021, China’s production of crude steel amounted to million tonnes (Mt) and, continued to remain ?rst in rank. The share of output of crude steel of about Mt of the key producers accounted for 80% of the aggregate national production and Mt of local producers for 20%. In this paper, these key producers are the main subjects of our study. Despite these achievements, China remains a steel producer whose energy ef?ciency is the lowest among the major steelproducing countries, although the overall technical level of its industry has been greatly improved in line with the developments in science and technology. One typical example is the rapid adoption of continuous casting technology. The share of continuous casting output has increased from about 30% of all steel produced in 1992 to % in 2021. In the meantime, many large ?rms replaced aging blast furnaces, 9 openhearth furnaces, and ingot casters with largescale, modern blast furnaces, and casting and rolling making may take place either through the blast furnace process or by direct reduction and the subsequent transformation of iron into steel may be carried out either in an oxygenblown converter or in an electric arc furnace. With improvement of the overall technical level in the steel industry, the production of iron and steel has greatly expanded in the past decade. The apparent production of crude steel in China grew from 95 million tonnes in 1995 to million tonnes in 2021, which is about times that in 1995 and more than three times that in 2021 . As a result, China’s share of world steel production leaped from 13% in 1995 to 34% in 2021. This growth is expected to be sustained over the next few years due to the continued growth in domestic demand. As is well known, the iron and steel industry is the industry with the largest energy consumption in the world. Having bee the world’s largest steel producer since 1996 China’s steel industry has grown rapidly following huge growth in domestic demand. This increase is consistent with the trend in the increase in its energy consumption. Iron and steel production consumes large quantities of energy, especially in developing countries and countries with economies in transition where outdated and inef?cient technologies are often still used. Steel production in developing countries has grown at an average annual rate of % in recent years and is expected to continue to grow at similar levels due to the current low per capita steel consumption levels in these countries. In industrialized countries, steel consumption averages over 425 kg/capita, whereas even key steelproducing developing countries have extremely low average per capita consumption levels of 80 kg/capita (in 1995). Most of China’s steel industry developed through a system of stateowned ‘enterprises’, in which an entire munity was devoted to the production of steel. As a result, the data collected relating to the energy consumed to produce steel in China also contain energy used at the enterprise level for a variety of other functional departments, both directly and indirectly related to the production of steel. In addition, part of China’s steel is produced by small steel mills that do not report energy consumption data to government statistical sources. It is important to differentiate these data so that the consumption values of China’s energy can be fairly evaluated, especially when we pare the energy consumption and energy intensity of the Chinese steel industry to those of other countries or to particular ‘best practice’ examples. We note that even with these adjustments, it is possible that the data still include inaccuracies due to the issues of statistical reports. The objective of this paper is to present a survey of some of the key issues associated with t