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s test Std_Eff| Coef. Std. Err. t P|t| [95% Conf. Interval] slope .8916032 bias .651413 四 、 About RevMan RevMan is the Cochrane Collaboration39。 解釋系統(tǒng)評價的結果 ? 必須基于研究的結果 : ( 1)系統(tǒng)評價的論證強度 ( 2)推廣應用性 ( 3)對干預措施的利弊和費用進行衛(wèi)生經(jīng)濟分析 ( 4)對醫(yī)療和研究的意義 BMJ 更新系統(tǒng)評價 ? 在系統(tǒng)評價發(fā)表以后,定期收集新的原始研究,按前述步驟重新進行分析、評價,以及時更新和補充新的信息,使系統(tǒng)評價更完善?;蚋鶕?jù)研究的不同特征分組進行 Meta分析,通過比較了解異質性的來源。 ?異質性與合并效應評價同樣重要 。 對增補后的資料進行合并估計。 它反映了 Meta Analysis結果的穩(wěn)定性,失安全系數(shù)越大表明結果的穩(wěn)定性越好。 2()iiQ W d d???計算合并的效應值 ? 固定效應模型的合并效應值 : (各研究的效應值相等) 其方差為: iiiWddW???2 1diS W? ?計算合并的效應值 ? 隨機效應模型的合并效應值 : (各研究的效應值不等) DerSimonian and Laird方法 其方差為: **iiiDLWddW? ??2*1d DLiS W? ?DerSimonian and Laird方法中權重 的計算方法 其中為固定效應模型時效應值的方差, D為隨機效應部分的方差。 H1:各研究的效應值不相等 。 ? 評價研究結果的臨床價值主要采用一些客觀指標 , 而不同的研究類型其指標不同 。 ? 解決各研究結果的不一致性。 因此實際能夠得到的資料可能是不完整的,甚至是有偏性的,如陽性結果的文章,以及和目前大家普遍能夠接受的觀點一致的文章可能更容易發(fā)表在專業(yè)雜志上。這樣做的結果是提高了估計的精度。 ? 所以從圖中可以看出所有的點以樣本量較大時的均數(shù)為軸,左右是基本對稱的。 ? 統(tǒng)計學用抽樣分布的理論來描述樣本統(tǒng)計量的變化規(guī)律。 ? 發(fā)表偏倚還有其他的評估方法,如漏斗圖估計、線性回歸法估計等,但是執(zhí)行情況和失安全系數(shù)幾乎相同。 異質性檢驗執(zhí)行情況 ? 本次調(diào)查搜集所得文獻中有 %的文獻進行了異質性評價。 Jadad 1998) – The quality of SRs are highly variable (Mulrow 1987。 Meta analysis ? 是在系統(tǒng)性綜述時為了合并多個獨立的研究結果,所使用的統(tǒng)計方法。 ? 五級 : 專家意見 。 循證醫(yī)學證據(jù)的 分級 ?一級:所有 RCT的系統(tǒng)評價 /Meta分析 。 Olsen [Nordic Cochrane Centre] conducted a systematic review in 2022 and updated it in 2022. ? They identified 8 large RCTs on this topic, with over 182,000 women randomized ? The authors found that no trial data were of high quality – Two were of medium quality, and the rest were poor quality or flawed. ? When the results of the two medium quality trials were bined, the risk ratio was (95% CI , ) ? They concluded that “screening for breast cancer with mammography is unjustified” The US Preventive Services Task Force reviewed the same set of trials Recently, a 2022 Cochrane Collaboration review of the same trials concluded that six of the eight trials were flawed or of poor quality and that the pooled results from the remaining two better trials did not support a benefit from mammography. ? The metaanalysis performed for the USPSTF on the most current published data found that the pooled effect size of the bined trials was sizable and statistically significant: ? the summary relative risk (RR) of breast cancer death among women randomized to screening in seven trials that included women older than 50 was (95 percent CI, ). ? The USPSTF remends screening mammography, w