【正文】 ④ if clinical signs suggest cerebral edema or the cerebrospinal fluid pressure is very high, measures to reduce brain swelling are indicated。 damaged tissues should be excised and the wound left unsatured. Rabies can usually be prevented if treatment is started within a day or two of biting. For maximum protection hyperimmune serum and vaccine are required. One should pay attention to tetanus and infection of other bacteria.9. the key points of blood culture（1）before administration of antibiotics and during chills or high fever；（2）repeat more than 3 times；（3）the amount of the blood sample should be＞10ml in adults or older children, ＞5ml in infants；（4）blood samples should be treated with chemicals if antibiotics was used before or use blood clot for culture. ⑸ bone marrow culture is remended。l Increased liver enzymes (ALT, AST), bilirubin, prothrombin time and globulin。l Hepatorenal syndrome。l Quantity: bigger quantity, stronger pathogenecity in the same disease。l Covert infection or subclinical infection, it is usually the most mon。Frequently asked question (in English)Part Ⅰ Noun explanation 1. convert infection/subclinical infection(隱性感染/亞臨床感染)：it means only a special immune response without or with very mild damage to the host after the agent entered which can be diagnosed by serologic means with demonstration of either a single high titer or a fourfold rise in titer to the infection. It is the most mon model.2. carrier state(病原攜帶狀態(tài))：it is a person who is colonized with an organism but shows no evidence of disease, although disease may have been present earlier. A carrier is a very important source of infection as the organisms can be disseminated from him.3. latent infection(潛伏性感染)：it means an organism enters a host and lies dormant( 靜止的) for a period of time, possibly for years, before producing disease as the host’s immunity decreased.4. invasiveness(侵襲力)：the ability of the agent to enter and to move through tissue.5. source of infection(傳染源)： it is referred to a person or animal in which the pathogen stay and multiply and can be disseminated .6. route of transmission(傳播途徑): the route the pathogen entered another susceptible after been disseminated from the source of infection.7. susceptible(易感者): it is referred to a person who lacks immunity to a specific infectious disease.8. relapse(復(fù)發(fā))：it means the return of symptoms after they have apparently ceased during convalescence which is caused by the multiplication of the pathogen in the host. It is often seen in typhoid fever, malaria, et al.9. recrudescence(再燃): it means the reappearance of symptoms after temporary cessation.10. sustained fever (稽留熱）: high fever, lasting and little change in 24 hours, usually 1 degree. Often seen at fastigium of typhoid fever, septicemia, and EHF.11. remittent fever（弛張熱）: high fever, temperature changes 1 degree in 24 hours, but the lowest point of the fever is still above the upper limit of the normal temperature. Often seen in the defervascence of typhoid fever or EHF.12. relapsing fever回歸熱）: several days of high fever with interruption of a few days’ normality. typical fever pattern in brucellosis and relapsing fever.13. Intermittent fever（間歇熱）: temperature fluctuates between the high fever and the degree below the normality. Usually seen in septicemia and malaria. 14. Irregular fever（不規(guī)則熱）:the fever curve is irregular. Seen in influenza or septicemia.15. palmer erythema/liver palm(肝掌): This is intense reddening, mottled in nature, of the palmer aspects due to vasodilation. Seen mainly over the thenar and hypothenar（大、小魚際） eminences.16. spider angiomata(蜘蛛痣)：Spider angiomata are small red macules with fine red lines radiating from it like spider legs. They blanch when pressed(壓之褪色). They represent tiny dilated collateral blood vessels and are seen in patients with chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis.17. window phase（窗口期）：The window phase is the time from exposure to the