【正文】 愛》和《呼嘯山莊》兩部小說的創(chuàng)作的異同對勃朗特姐妹創(chuàng)作手法的異同及形成差異的主要原因進行探討，更進一步揭示姐妹二人的創(chuàng)作特點及對后世的影響，推進對勃朗特姐妹的研究。2．課題的研究重點，關(guān)鍵及解決的思路:重點對比《簡愛》和《呼嘯山莊》兩部小說在創(chuàng)作上異同點，探討形成這些異同點的社會原因和勃朗特姐妹自身的原因。解決的思路：: 引言《簡愛》和《呼嘯山莊》的創(chuàng)作異同1． 《簡愛》和《呼嘯山莊》在創(chuàng)作上的相似點．主題表達上的相似．寫作形式上都滲透著哥特式小說的特點．主人翁反抗精神及自我追求．兩部小說都運用了象征手法2． 《簡愛》和《呼嘯山莊》在創(chuàng)作上的不用點．表達的主題不同．對愛情的觀點不同．女主人翁的性格和命運不同．兩位女主人翁的宗教信仰不同III．造成創(chuàng)作手法不同的原因1． 相似點的原因 兩部小說的歷史形成因素，當時的社會環(huán)境 兩姐妹的生活環(huán)境 兩姐妹個性及心理方面的差異 兩姐妹對時代的真實感受不同 兩姐妹自身的獨創(chuàng)性兩部作品對比的意義及對后世的影響五．課題的預(yù)期效果：對大家熟悉的兩部小說《簡愛》和《呼嘯山莊》對比分析，可以使我們進一步了解勃朗特姐妹，了解維多利亞時期英國文學(xué)的特點及社會的發(fā)展特點。六．開展課題研究擬搜集的資料，主要參考文獻，實驗設(shè)備的支撐及解決方法：, : 當代中國出版社，2002, ：世界圖書出版社，2003, Life of Emily : Blackwell, 1987, Van “Wuthering Heights” in the NineteenthCentury :Heine Mann, 1981 Life of Charlotte : Penguin Press, 1975, Essays about Brace College Publishers, 1994.《簡愛》愛情故事中的真善美[J].珠海城市職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院，2006《簡愛》中的女性意識[J].湖北經(jīng)濟學(xué)院學(xué)院報，2007《簡愛》中的愛情與婚姻看兩性關(guān)系中女性的屈從地位[J].重慶工學(xué)院報，2006，（10）.[M].，三環(huán)出版社，2004[M].北京：北京大學(xué)出版社，2001《呼嘯山莊》復(fù)仇主題的原型分析[J].四川外國語學(xué)報，王玉珍，傷感與恐怖：人類最真實的情感體驗——試析哥特式小說的情感內(nèi)涵[J].——《呼嘯山莊》的意象研究[J].重慶大學(xué)學(xué)報，2004[M].北京：科學(xué)出版社，1999[J].名作欣賞，1986[M].北京：中國社會科學(xué)出版社，1983，[M].上海外語教育出版社，2002——勃朗特姐妹傳[M].北京：中國文聯(lián)出版社，2002：2010年2月1日~2010年4月30日 初稿2010年5月1日~2010年6月2 日 二稿2010年6月2日~2010年6月3 日 定稿第四篇：英語專業(yè)開題報告TABLE OF CONTENTSAcknowledgements…….Abstract in English…….Abstract in Chinese…….. Review… Definition of Language Transfer… Types of Language Transfer… Historical Review of Language Transfer Studies Research of Language Transfer at Home and Abroad and Negative Transfer of Tibetan on the English Learning….. Positive Transfer of Tibetan on English…. Similarities in Phonetic Symbol………. Same Verb Tenses in English and Tibetan Negative Transfer of Tibetan on English……… Different Position of Verb in Verb Phrase Putting the Object in front of Verbs….. Mixing up Future Tense with Other Tenses….. Deficiency of Subject….. and Negative Transfer of Chinese on the English Learning……. Positive Transfer of Chinese on English…….. Phonological Level……. Chinese Phoneme Promots English Consonants….. Similar Pronunciation between English and Chinese...... Lexical Level… Wordforword Analogy Similarity of Partofspeech…. Syntactic Level…… Subject+Predicate+Object……. Five Same Basic Sentence Patterns … Negative Transfer of Chinese on English…. Lexical Level…… Misusing of Noun and Adjective ……… Nonequivalence on Conceptual Meaning… Nonequivalence on Conotative Meaning… Syntactic Level… Deficiency of Subject… Confusion of Word Building Confusion of Word Bibliography第五篇：英語專業(yè)開題報告amp。大綱Research Proposal forA Comparative Analysis of ChineseEnglish Anaphorain A Dream of Red Mansions《紅樓夢》中漢英回指的對比分析開題報告 BackgroundLanguage is a kind of tool which is used for describing objects, interpreting matter, conveying emotion, exchanging information and maintaining interpersonal utterance and discourse always center on person, objects or , in an essay or a dialogue, what kind of language ponents should be used to indicate the same person, object or event when they have been mentioned several times? How we can make readers or listeners better understand our intention? The two questions are related to anaphora in is a useful grammatical cohesive device for textual coherence which appears in everyday life with high is widely used because it is regarded as a useful way of avoiding redundancy of years many scholars have paid more attention on the parative studies in Chinese and English, finding that anaphora plays a significant role in context cohesion and the same time, with the development of powerful puter and relevant statistic software, corpus linguistics has quickly flourished as a new linguistic the help of the corpus analysis, study of anaphora is pushed forward step by Research Rationale and ObjectiveSince the 1980s, an enormous amount of work on anaphora has blossomed in scope and depth from different perspectives, like the syntactic, pragmatic, functional and cognitive far as anaphora is concerned, we need to develop a pragmatic awareness of this kind of this thesis tries to make a tentative study of ChineseEnglish anaphora from some examples in the masterpiece A Dream of Red this way can we enrichour mind and enhance our municative from that, we can deeply understand the quintessence of the culture of Chinese and English, obtain abundant language skills and improve writing and translation , we can enhance the petence of crossculture ReviewChomsky(1981, 1982)and Aoun(1985)are two outstanding experts who make great contributions to the research into the Government and Binding Theory proposed by Chomsky, he mentions a method to analyze anaphora from the syntactic (1985)focuses on the research of anaphora and constructs grammar of anaphora, indicating that grammar is a symmetric theory of (1990)proposes the Accessibility Theory, which is constructed on human cognitive researches anaphora according to people’s accessibility to the expression and Hasan(1976)study anaphora from the angle of text and emphasize the cohesive function of anaphoric expression in a propose two kinds of reference, and argue that anaphora has crucial function of textual research on anaphora has great influence on functional Chinese scholars, such as Huang Guowen(1988), Zhu Yongsheng(2011), etc.,have made research on anaphora in their indicate that anaphora(a kind of reference in their words)has the function of textual Xueliang(1999)analyses the characteristic of zero anaphora and gives a schematic assumption to account for the phenomenon in the theoretical framework of cognitive Yunlong(2004)points out the confirmation mechanism of textual anaphora on the basis of accessibility and topicality, and defines topic as a cognitive mental entity constructed in textual prehension for previous studies have provided theoretical foundation for the present ContentsThe thesis is inspired by