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k 中央公園Empire State Building 帝國(guó)大廈 Mexico 墨西哥 Cuba 古巴Haiti 海地 Puerto Rico 波多黎各Jamaica牙買(mǎi)加 Costa Rica哥斯達(dá)黎加Central America中美洲Belize 伯利茲 Bahamas 巴哈馬Bermuda 百慕大Dominica 多米尼加Honduras 洪都拉斯Nicaragua 尼加拉瓜Guatemala 危地馬拉Panama巴拿馬El Salvador 薩爾瓦多South America南美洲 Argentina 阿根廷?。˙uenos Aires 布宜諾斯艾利斯)Brazil 巴西 (Brasilia 巴西利亞 Rio 里約)Bolivia 玻利維亞Chile 智利 (Santiago 圣地亞哥)Columbia 哥倫比亞Ecuador 厄瓜多爾Suriname 蘇里南Guyana 圭亞那Paraguay 巴拉圭Uruguay烏拉圭Peru 秘魯 (Lima 利馬)Venezuela 委內(nèi)瑞拉Africa非洲Algeria 阿爾及利亞Angola 安哥拉Benin 貝寧Botswana 博茨瓦納Burundi 布隆迪Cameroon 喀麥隆Chad 乍得Congo 剛果Egypt 埃及 (Cairo 開(kāi)羅)Ethiopia 埃塞俄比亞Gabon 加蓬Gambia 岡比亞Guinea 幾內(nèi)亞Ghana 加納Ivory Coast 科特迪瓦Kenya 肯尼亞Libya 利比亞Lesotho 萊索托Madagascar 馬達(dá)加斯加Malawi 馬拉維Mali 馬里Morocco 摩洛哥Niger 尼日爾Nigeria 尼日利亞Rwanda 盧旺達(dá)Senegal 塞內(nèi)加爾Sierra Leone 塞拉利昂South Africa 南非 (Johannesburg約翰內(nèi)斯堡 Cape Town開(kāi)普敦)Somalia 索馬里Sudan 蘇丹Tanzania 坦桑尼亞Togo 多哥Tunisia 突尼斯Uganda 烏干達(dá)Zambia 贊比亞Zimbabwe 津巴布韋第四章 確定詞意,表達(dá)得體任何翻譯都要的兩個(gè)必不可少的步驟:一是正確理解;二是確切表達(dá)?!癊ach word when used in a new context is a new word.”一般來(lái)說(shuō),確定詞義,主要依賴(lài)譯者對(duì)源語(yǔ)的精通;二表達(dá)得體,則主要決定了譯者的譯入語(yǔ)水平和對(duì)待翻譯的精益求精。一、 確定詞義確定詞義很不容易,但又很重要。見(jiàn)下例 School of Air evening I went to a do held by our China Study Group. See of Sydney wanted us to have tea, but we said we’d just had it. Then Miss Standish wanted us to have tea and cake. months they spend up there killing themselves in the cane season, ‘nd then they e down here to live a little. Universe (or:Miss World) told me that her 18yearold son was the baby. mother is a sister in a Melbourne hospital.翻譯:。(do:集會(huì),娛樂(lè)宴聚活動(dòng)) (see 教廷),我們說(shuō)剛吃過(guò),于是斯坦迪什小姐就要我們喝茶吃點(diǎn)心。,他們?cè)谀抢锢鬯览刍?。然后才能到這里稍稍享受享受。(live 盡情享受 kill 精疲力盡或受苦受累)。(baby 表示兄弟姐妹中最年小的)。 (sister 在此表示護(hù)士長(zhǎng)或是資歷高的護(hù)士) Economics二、表達(dá)得體 表達(dá)得體就是使譯文恰如其分,不僅和原文的意思相符而且和原文的風(fēng)格相符。 如何在翻譯中做到表達(dá)得體,可以歸納為如下幾條 ,這是確定詞義、表達(dá)得體的基礎(chǔ)。 。 ,即不能照抄詞典上的譯文。 ,使譯文更地道,做到精益求精。如漢語(yǔ)中四字成語(yǔ)很多,使用得當(dāng),無(wú)疑會(huì)使譯文大放光彩。另外漢語(yǔ)的同義詞很豐富,選準(zhǔn)了就會(huì)文語(yǔ)得體。 下列例子可表現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)優(yōu)勢(shì) is shooting at oil now, but who will be next? 卡特現(xiàn)在正那石油開(kāi)刀,下一個(gè)目標(biāo)是誰(shuí)呢? Roosevelt could have acplished little. 羅斯福要是光桿司令,他也不會(huì)有所作為。 3. Naturally I, a child of both worlds, am conscious of these. 作為新舊世界的后裔,我當(dāng)然意識(shí)到這些關(guān)系。 4. It is possible that they never imagined that any considerable amount of public opinion would be rallied in their favor. 他們絕沒(méi)可能想到,竟會(huì)有這么多的輿論支持他們。 here, old boy, no one is interested in your bloody appreciation. 老兄,聽(tīng)著,沒(méi)有人對(duì)你那個(gè)亂彈琴的意見(jiàn)感興趣。三、 正確理解與表達(dá)譯例一、應(yīng)用文方面的譯例:漢語(yǔ)中同一個(gè)字,所處的上下文不同,譯法就會(huì)各不同,譯法就會(huì)各不相同。 1. 書(shū) 1)申請(qǐng)書(shū) Letter of Application 2)報(bào)告書(shū) Report 3)協(xié)議書(shū) Agreement 4)成績(jī)通知書(shū) Grade Report 5)旅行委托書(shū) Booking Form 6)成交確認(rèn)書(shū) Sales Confirmation 7)白皮書(shū) White Book 8)家書(shū) a Letter from Home (or: a letter to home) 2. 啟事 1)招領(lǐng)啟事 Found 2)鳴謝啟事 Acknowledge 3)征稿啟事 Contributions Wanted 4)更正啟事 Corrections 3. 單 1)名單 name list 2)賬單 bill 3)訂閱單 subscription form 4)收款清單 account note 5)文藝匯演節(jié)目單 a program of entertainment 6)傳單 leaflet 7)床單 bed sheet 4. 表 1)病例單 case history form 2)履歷單 resume 3)時(shí)間表 timetable 4)日程表 schedule 5. 信 1)推薦信 letter of remendation 2)證明信 certificate 3)口信 an oral message 以上是漢譯英的例子。英譯漢也有類(lèi)似的情況。如: 1. form 1)form of receipt 收條 2)ticket order form 訂票單 3)a telegraph form 電報(bào)紙 1)an active list 現(xiàn)役官兵名冊(cè) 2)an export list 出口商品目錄二、英漢互譯中切忌望文生義,一定要有根據(jù),要合乎習(xí)慣用法。特別是一些日常用語(yǔ),如公共揭示用語(yǔ) (public signs )和一些公共場(chǎng)所名稱(chēng)的英漢互譯中更要注意。 Free 免票入場(chǎng) Admittance Except on Business 非公莫入 (or :Fresh ) Paint 油漆未干 Declined 謝絕參觀 of Bounds 游客止步 (or: Taken) 有人占用 Up, Detour 馬路翻修,車(chē)輛繞行 (or: No Thoroughfare) 此路不通 to the Fire 小心煙火 Forbidden 嚴(yán)禁拍照 Prohibited 禁止打獵 Top Side Up 請(qǐng)勿倒置 With Care 小心輕放 Business 晝夜?fàn)I業(yè) Information Desk Gate House Cloak(or:Check) Room Emergency Door (or:Exit) Complaint Box Workmen Ahead Keep Off the Grass ,安全禮讓 Drive at Moderate Speed。 Yield the Right of Way for Safety’s Sake 三、下面在列舉一些容易譯錯(cuò)的例子。 dressing 蛋黃醬 Honour 法官大人 (閣下) card 優(yōu)待卡 level 學(xué)科水平合格證 pop test 突然襲擊的考試 Standard 《旗幟晚報(bào)》 同步通訊衛(wèi)星 family 直系家庭 Matilda 背著鋪蓋流浪四方 10.“ How We Kept Mother’s Day” was written by an Englishborn Canadian author. 《我們是怎么過(guò)母親節(jié)的》是一位英國(guó)出生的加拿大作者寫(xiě)的。 11. The leisure business chiefly refers to tourist industry and the industry of entertainment. 消遣業(yè)( 休閑業(yè))主要是指旅游業(yè)和娛樂(lè)業(yè) 12. He said he’d love a trip on a luxury liner because he was always a good sailor. 他說(shuō)她喜歡乘舒適豪華的班船旅行,因?yàn)樗麖牟粫灤? 13. Some schedules are subject to last minute changes. Please call us if you can’t e. 有些時(shí)間表,直到最后一分鐘都會(huì)變化。要是你不能來(lái),請(qǐng)給我們打電話。 knows like. 英雄識(shí)英雄。 jolting down, people like to use abbreviation, acronyms and initials. 在快速筆記時(shí),人們喜歡用縮略詞、首字母縮略詞和首字母。 、電視和函授大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)時(shí),常常認(rèn)真做家庭作業(yè),甚至連自由選作題也做了。 During his study in the Open University in London he often did his homework conscientiously and even pleted the open question. 。 The breakdown of the physical sciences is as follows.18. Going to the Theatre If you want to be certain of seeing a play in London, you have to book your seat in advance. You can buy your tickets either at a theatre ticket agency or at the boxoffice in the theatre itself. If you go in a large party, it is not always possible for all you to sit in the same part of the theatre. Some will have to sit in the stalls, others in the dress circle, and some in the upper circle. Seats in a box or the front stalls are the most expensive. While buying your