【正文】 accepted merely because the message is effectively municated.Encoding Before the message exchange can occur, however, the sender must engage in encoding, the process of translating the intended meaning into symbols such as words, gestures, and signals. Translation must take place because we cannot transmit our intended meanings directly to another person without use of symbols. SendingSending on a large scale relies on the source’s ability to municate overtly, that is, to use proper diction, voice and body language to express his intended meaning precisely. For example, if a person tries to tell you how pleased he could be for you to visit his home, his words and facial expressions must coordinate well with his language. Chances are that his poor body language may betray his real intention – he does not want to see you in his house. Certainly good education contributes favorably to the performance of sending.ReactingAfter sending the message, the source (the sender) also anticipates receiving response from the receiver, and if the source feels the response in a positive way, he may be encouraged to tell more about the message and vice versa. For instance, you propose to eat out with your family, but your family shows no interest at all – a negative response. Most probably, you will hold your tongue, or propose another suggestion.Message The oute of the encoding process is a message consisting of the verbal (both oral and written) and nonverbal symbols that have been developed to convey meaning to the receiver. People may take it for granted that a message simply indicates the words that are uttered out of one’s mouth. In fact, any stimulus that affects a receiver, intended or not, is considered as a message. Therefore, when we municate, we had better be prudent with our words as well as our body language. In many cases, unconscious actions or movements of the body can betray your or your opponent’s real thought. Since a message links the source and the receiver, it should be sent properly in order to avoid misunderstanding.ChannelA channel is the route by which messages flow between sources and Without a channel, the message can never reach the receiver. It is the carrier of the message. The channel determines how munication is transmitted. Personal conversation is the most obvious channel of munication, but oral munication can be between either two individuals, or one sender and a group, or between groups. Another channel includes verbal media such as letters, memoranda, reports, and electronic messages. Graphic channels range from sketches to videotapes. Nonverbal munication channels include gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, postures and so on. A channel can also refer to the type of munication method used, such as the telephone, puter, textbook, or mail. Sometimes two or more channels are used. For instance, in a telephone conversation, your customer tells you that he will give you an order that will be confirmed later by fax.ReceiverThe receiver, also known as the listener, audience or decoder, is the person with whom the message is exchanged. A receiver can be a specific person or any other person who obtains the message, both intended and unintended. If the receiver does not receive the message, then no munication has occurred. A person can be a receiver and a sender simultaneously. Just as what the source does, the receiver reacts with the body movements and facial expressions as he listens. He then processes the verbal and nonverbal messages through a memory search so that the signals are translated into the receiver’s language system. Like the source, a receiver has several roles as well: to receive the message。 to decode the message and to respond or send feedback.Receiving Receiving a message means that the receiver is willing to accept the message that the source conveys。 otherwise, munication would be difficult. Willingness to receive a message does not necessarily guarantee accurate interpretation. The listener still needs to decode the signals that the source sends him.Decoding Similar to encoding, decoding is a psychological activity as well. When the message is received, the receiver engages in decoding, the process of translating the symbols into the interpreted message. It is the perceptual assessment of language, gestures, receiver’s expectation, and the context of a message. The receiver will also implicitly evaluate why the sender is trying to municate, and perhaps search for hidden meanings by judging the choice of channels used. When the munication is effective, the sender and the receiver achieve a mon meaning. However, the decoding process may result in misunderstanding of the message if the receiver does not decode the message as the sender has intended.FeedbackFeedback is the basic response of the receiver to interpreted message. This feedback response involves a reversal of the munication process so that the receiver now bees the sender and the sender bees the receiver. Feedback provides preliminary information to the sender about the success of the munication process. It often takes further loops through the munication process to establish that the sender and the receiver have been successful in municating effectively – achieving mon meaning. Without feedback, the source has difficulty assessing the effectiveness of their munication attempts.There are two ways of munication, namely oneway munication and twoway munication. When the munication process does not include feedback, it is called oneway munication. Memos, newsletters, and announcements often are examples of oneway munication – at least when they do not explicitly provide for feedback from those to whom the message is directed.Conversely, when the munication process explicitly includes feedback, it is called twoway munication. Twoway munication has a better chance of resulting in a reasonably accurate exchange of mon meaning. Still, effective twoway munication requires that careful attention be paid to the munication process.Noise W