【正文】 施工方案。⑷在隧道開挖前，對隧道地表中線附近范圍進行勘察，對地表沖溝、深井、滑塌、陷穴、地表附著物等不良地質(zhì)情況進行統(tǒng)計，并按里程樁號逐一登記、拍照，尤其是隧道下穿既有鐵路等大型構(gòu)筑物地段，施工中應(yīng)加強監(jiān)控量測工作，嚴格按設(shè)計方案施工，確保隧道安全、順利通過。51 / 53⑸每循環(huán)進行測量放樣，嚴格控制超欠挖。定期對測量控制點進行檢查、復(fù)核，避免由于隧底下沉、上鼓、不均勻變形及人工或機械碰撞等原因?qū)刂泣c的損害。⑹邊墻、仰拱或底板等的地基承載力必須滿足設(shè)計要求。軟弱地基處理方法和施工質(zhì)量應(yīng)符合設(shè)計要求。隧底開挖前應(yīng)進行施工工藝設(shè)計。⑺開挖后應(yīng)按設(shè)計要求的量測項目及頻率進行圍巖量測，及時反饋量測信息。⑻隧道開挖中，應(yīng)在每次開挖后及時觀察、描述圍巖裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)狀況、巖體軟硬程度、出水量大小，核對設(shè)計情況，判斷圍巖的穩(wěn)定性。⑼土質(zhì)隧道在開挖過程中，盡量減少挖掘機對隧道邊沿的開挖，應(yīng)采用人工風(fēng)鎬對隧道周邊進行修整，減少對圍巖的擾動，避免側(cè)壁或拱頂?shù)魤K現(xiàn)象。拱腳、墻角應(yīng)預(yù)留 30cm 人工開挖，嚴禁超挖。土質(zhì)隧道拱墻腳嚴禁被水浸泡。開挖完畢后，應(yīng)盡早對圍巖進行支護封閉，減少圍巖暴露的時間。⑽制定安全施工應(yīng)急預(yù)案，日常做好應(yīng)急材料、物資的儲備。52 / 53目錄編制依據(jù)與原則 .....................................................................................................................1 相關(guān)標準、規(guī)范和施工圖 ...................................................................................................1 編制原則 ...............................................................................................................................1工程概況 .............................................................................................................................2 工程地質(zhì)條件 .......................................................................................................................2 水文地質(zhì)條件 .......................................................................................................................2主要施工方案 .....................................................................................................................2 CRD 法 ...................................................................................................................................3 雙側(cè)壁導(dǎo)坑法 ......................................................................................................................7 三臺階七步作業(yè)法 ............................................................................................................11 大拱腳臺階法 .....................................................................................................................14 臺階法加臨時仰拱 .............................................................................................................16 臺階法 ................................................................................................................................17超前地質(zhì)預(yù)報 ...................................................................................................................20 一般規(guī)定 ............................................................................................................................20 地質(zhì)預(yù)報的分級管理與方案設(shè)計 ....................................................................................22 地質(zhì)調(diào)查法 ........................................................................................................................24 鉆探法 ................................................................................................................................27 物理勘探法 ........................................................................................................................28監(jiān)控量測 ...........................................................................................................................29 一般規(guī)定 ............................................................................................................................29 監(jiān)控量測項目 ....................................................................................................................30 監(jiān)控量測要求 ....................................................................................................................31 監(jiān)控量測方法 ....................................................................................................................33爆破設(shè)計 ...........................................................................................................................35 爆破總方案 ........................................................................................................................35 隧道施工方法與措施 .........................................................................................................35 隧道開挖參數(shù)設(shè)計 .............................................................................................................38勞動力和機械設(shè)備配置 ....................................................................................................4353 / 53 勞動力配置 .........................................................................................................................43 主要施工機械設(shè)備、質(zhì)量監(jiān)測設(shè)備的配置 .....................................................................43應(yīng)急預(yù)案 ...........................................................................................................................44質(zhì)量保證措施 ...................................................................................................................46 主控項目 .............................................................................................................................46 一般項目 ............................................................................................................................47安全、文明施工 ..............................................................................................................48