【導(dǎo)讀】把制造一輛手推車的任務(wù)分成幾個(gè)小的專門(mén)化的任務(wù)，給每個(gè)工人分配一項(xiàng)任務(wù)，這樣制造整輛手推車的費(fèi)用要比一個(gè)工人承擔(dān)整項(xiàng)任務(wù)所需的成本要來(lái)得低。至于如何完成一項(xiàng)任務(wù)或應(yīng)取得什么樣的結(jié)果，一般是沒(méi)有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的。泰勒將這一狀況改變?yōu)橐粭l法則，即管理是一項(xiàng)科學(xué)活動(dòng)，而不是一個(gè)“偶然事件”，對(duì)此，他作出了重要貢獻(xiàn)。甘特方法中使用的基本工具是工廠里全部工序同時(shí)發(fā)生的狀況的圖解表示法，這種圖解表示法稱為“甘特圖”。這樣的做法引起了工人們對(duì)提出該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的“效率專家”的不滿及對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)工人表現(xiàn)而使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)普遍不信任。

　　

【正文】 ly adv. 機(jī)智地，老練地bruise v. 損傷tender adj. 敏感的，難對(duì)付的，微妙的ego n. 自我，利己主義prima facie （拉丁語(yǔ)）初步的，表面上確鑿的catalyst n. 催化劑，促進(jìn)因素witch hunt 政治迫害conservatively adv. 保守地inhouse adj. 內(nèi)部的，自身的thereafter adv. 其后，從那以后disband v. 解散understate vt. 少說(shuō)，有所保留地陳述underutilization n. 利用不足naive adj. 天真的，自然的psychologically adv. 心理（上）地embrace vt. 接受，利用threat n. 跡象，（壞）兆頭resentment n. 反感bedside manner 護(hù)理方式confidentiality adv. 機(jī)密性threatening adj. 恐嚇的，威脅的apprehensive adj. 憂慮的ad hominem 僅從個(gè)人愛(ài)好（或偏見(jiàn)）出發(fā)prejudice n. 偏見(jiàn)malady n. 弊病，疾病afflict vt. 使痛苦，折磨vicious adj. 惡性的expedient adj. 有利的，權(quán)宜之計(jì)的indecisive adj. 不明確的，猶豫不決的clergyman n. 牧師，神職人員psychiatrist n. 精神病學(xué)家，精神瘐醫(yī)師counsellor n. 顧問(wèn)typify vt. 代表，象征scout v. （仔細(xì)）觀察，研究diagnosis n. 診斷，判斷vaguely adv. 不明白地catharsis n. （精神）發(fā)泄inhibit vt. 阻止，抑制frustration n. 挫折selfperception 自我理解replicate vt. 重現(xiàn)，復(fù)制repertory n. 所有組成部分session n. 會(huì)議agenda n. 議程，備忘錄rationale n. 基本原理consultant n. 顧問(wèn)，咨詢closure n. 終結(jié)，結(jié)束remunerate vt. 酬勞，給……補(bǔ)償analogous adj. 類似的collaborative adj. 合作的，協(xié)作的deficiency n. 缺乏，不足vision n. 眼光，觀察力paradigm n. 范例，示例archetype n. 原（始模）型stagnation n. 停滯arrogance n. 傲慢，驕傲自大status quo 現(xiàn)狀prejudge vt. 預(yù)先判斷hedge v. 妨礙，避免作出正面答復(fù)project management 項(xiàng)目[專案]管理operating system 操作系統(tǒng),作業(yè)系統(tǒng)operation people 操作人員operating budget 業(yè)務(wù)預(yù)算, 活動(dòng)經(jīng)費(fèi)預(yù)算, 營(yíng)業(yè)收支預(yù)算四、Notes1. It is a stance, … core of the profession. 這是一種姿態(tài)，一種自我形象，它十分自然地為工業(yè)工程師所繼承，工業(yè)工程師的培訓(xùn)極其強(qiáng)調(diào)那些作為職業(yè)核心的工具、技術(shù)方法和模式。2. However, the line organization … an extension of management.不過(guò)，作業(yè)線組織并不總是將工業(yè)工程師看做“他們的”作業(yè)“專家”；操作人員在試圖完成眼下目標(biāo)時(shí)，常常更希望不被管理人員所干擾，而工業(yè)工程師往往被視為管理的延伸部分。3. While speaking to a … amazement, if not doubt.在與一個(gè)管理組交談時(shí)，我曾說(shuō)過(guò)，“工業(yè)工程的實(shí)踐往往妨礙現(xiàn)存的作業(yè)。”他們帶著驚訝（如果不被懷疑）聽(tīng)著我的論述。4. My firm once performed … of an operating system.我的公司曾經(jīng)進(jìn)行了一項(xiàng)主要的研究，其中，項(xiàng)目的階段1設(shè)計(jì)識(shí)別和評(píng)價(jià)作業(yè)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)率提高機(jī)會(huì)，因此也是成本下降的機(jī)會(huì)。5. A part of being … selfevaluation and selfchange.對(duì)變革持開(kāi)放態(tài)度的（一個(gè)組成部分）就是對(duì)目前業(yè)績(jī)?cè)u(píng)估持開(kāi)放態(tài)度。不幸的是，這種開(kāi)放態(tài)度最常見(jiàn)于那些最不需要自我評(píng)價(jià)和自我變革的最成功的顧客中。6. Ideally, the IE hopes … way things are going.理想情況下，IE希望培養(yǎng)客戶員工們這樣的一種態(tài)度，即事實(shí)真相幾乎總是對(duì)客戶有利的，變革令人振奮而不是使人受到威脅，最終，他們不必?fù)?dān)心對(duì)事情的進(jìn)展公開(kāi)表示贊賞。7. Such an approacheis … changes are never made.這樣一種方法與猶豫不決，從不做出必需的變革一樣糟糕。8. It is thus possible … the client change process.因此起初看來(lái)，引起行為的改變、實(shí)施新的方法、或?qū)崿F(xiàn)新的系統(tǒng)的完全不同的努力，通過(guò)與下列簡(jiǎn)單的似乎代表客戶變革過(guò)程的階段模式相比較，就有可能得到闡明。9. The Nominal Group Technique … welldeveloped and tested method.名義小組技術(shù)的名稱取自這樣的事實(shí)：這是一種仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)、組織的小組過(guò)程，它包含某些活動(dòng)中的某些作為獨(dú)立的個(gè)人參與者，而不是通常小組的一般的相互作用的方式，按此一般形式，這是一種經(jīng)過(guò)很好開(kāi)發(fā)和試驗(yàn)的方法。10. If one pares the … implemented is no surprise.如果有人將Morris提出的關(guān)于生產(chǎn)率改進(jìn)小組過(guò)程的需求和Block提出的關(guān)于開(kāi)發(fā)3個(gè)咨詢技能小組的需求與培養(yǎng)工業(yè)工程學(xué)生從事實(shí)踐而使他們接受的傳統(tǒng)教育相比較，則工業(yè)工程師在使他們的建議被接受和實(shí)施方面獲得的成功有限就一點(diǎn)也不令人感到意外了。11. We also propose that … feels it must bee.我們還提出，對(duì)任何組織來(lái)說(shuō)，底線不是盈利，也不是成功地控制預(yù)算。按我們的觀點(diǎn)，底線是組織是否正在達(dá)到其所希望的或感覺(jué)該組織必須達(dá)到的設(shè)想。五、生產(chǎn)率改進(jìn)概覽1. In the practice of industrial engineering, a fundamental underlying goal is productivity improvement. Therefore, knowing how to successfully implement productivity improvement in organizations is a critical requirement for the successful practice of industrial engineering. 2. Implementation Strategies: Morris proposes use of the fourth of the following four implementation strategies that he discusses:Demonstration—actually showing the client that one’s remendations will work as promised.Power, Politics—getting top management support for change and relying on the power of top management to order that it occur.“Selling”, Persuasion—telling the client what advantages are to be found in the proposed change or in the new system.Involvement, Participation, Collaboration—acceptance is enhanced by making those whose behavior will be influenced by changes participants in the planning and design of those changes.3. A lot of people know that there are industrial engineering consultants, but are all industrial engineers consultants? The answer is yes! You cannot be an industrial engineer and not be a consultant. Some industrial engineers are paid directly by the pany as employees, whereas other industrial engineers are paid independent contractors, but they are all consultants.4. Continuous improvement requires change in behavior. Present behavior is contained within and can be described by the present paradigms of an organization. Breaking paradigms in an organization is the opposite of organizational stagnation and arrogance in “maintaining the status quo”, which ensure failure in today’s fastpaced business world. In our opinion, bottom line is whether or not the organization is achieving its visions of what it wants or feels it must bee. Bottom line, long turn, is survival, growth, constantly improving performance, petitiveness, and behaving in accordance to your values and principles. If you do these things, profits follow.9. Cost Control Engineering一、本章難點(diǎn)1. 難點(diǎn)句型，參見(jiàn)Notes。2. 專業(yè)詞匯，參見(jiàn)Words and Expressions。二、本章重點(diǎn)：1. 了解成本控制工程。2. 掌握相關(guān)專業(yè)術(shù)語(yǔ)。三、Words and Expressionsconvention n. 習(xí)慣，常規(guī)embed vt. 扎入，深留accountant n. 會(huì)計(jì)（員），出納（員）accounting n. 會(huì)計(jì)學(xué)，統(tǒng)計(jì)decipher v. 解釋vice versa adv. 反過(guò)來(lái)也一樣，反之亦然prorate vt. 按比例分配，攤派proration n. 按比例分配，攤派square adj. 成直角的footage n. （總）尺碼，英尺數(shù)，（總）長(zhǎng)度distort v. 改變，扭曲 clampon adj. 夾合式