【導讀】本文主要論述了西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地在獨立以后面臨的各種問題。立運動領導人對于新國家抱有的共同理念。會地位問題上不能達成共識。人之間的區(qū)別一望即知。people做可數(shù)名詞時，意為“民族，種族，部落”，如：the. individual意為“個人；有某種特點的人”，如：

　　

【正文】 。聯(lián)邦政府的調(diào)查報告之一預測，無家可歸者的數(shù)字在本 10 年末將達到近 1900 萬。 設法幫助越來越多的無家可歸者已變得越來越困難。及時無家可歸者 能找到提供一日三餐和過夜的地方， 相當多的無家可歸者仍不得不把大部分時間消磨在街頭。部分原因是許多無家可歸 的成年人是酗酒者或吸毒者。很大一批無家可歸者患有嚴重的精神病。許多其他人雖然沒有上癮或精神疾病， 但缺乏必要的用以獲得新生的 生存技能。《波士頓環(huán)球郵報 》記者克里斯雷迪指出， 只有在實施了能解決無家可歸者許多需求的綜合技能的時候，局面才會有所改善。 正如馬薩諸塞州本特利學院社區(qū)服務部主任愛德華茲羅特科夫所說：“各項計劃必須相互協(xié)調(diào)配和， 所 需要的是整套措施?！? 2020 年全國碩士研究生入學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題 Section I Use of English Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points) The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers pared with animals, __1__ this is largely because, __2__ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are __3__ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, __4__ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, __5__, we are extremely sensitive to smells, __6__ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of __7__ human smells even when these are __8__ to far below one part in one million. Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, __9__ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate __10__ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send __11__ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell __12__ can suddenly bee sensitive to it when __13__ to it often enough. The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that brain finds it __14__ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can __15__ new receptors if necessary. This may __16__ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells we simply do not need to be. We are not __17__ of the usual smell of our own house but we __18__ new smells when we visit someone else’s. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors __19__ for unfamiliar and emergency signals __20__ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire. 1. [A] although [B] as [C] but [D] while 2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides 3. [A] limited [B] mitted [C] dedicated [D] confined 4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking 5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore 6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if 7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting 8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused 9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas 10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical 11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C] messages [D] impulses 12. [A] at first [B] at all [C] at large [D] at times 13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed 14. [A] ineffective [B] inpetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient 15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create 16. [A] still [B] also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless 17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired 18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice 19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable 20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from 一、 文章總體分析 本文 是 一篇 科普性說明文，主要介紹了人類嗅覺的特點及原因。 第一段先指出人的嗅覺靈敏度往往被低估并闡釋其原因，接著轉(zhuǎn)而強調(diào)人的嗅覺非常敏感。第二段先分析人對某種氣味不敏感的原因是缺少可以產(chǎn)生氣味感受器的基因，接著指出這種不敏感是暫時性的。第三段對暫時性的不敏感現(xiàn)象作出了科學解釋：大腦根據(jù)需要來調(diào)動氣味感受器，并使它隨時注意不熟悉的或危險的信號。 二、試題具體解 析 [A] although 雖然，表讓步 [B] as 因為，表因果 [C] but 但是， 表轉(zhuǎn)折 [D] while 雖然， 表讓步 [答案 ] C [解析 ] 邏輯 搭配題，答對率為 % 從內(nèi)容上看，空格前面的句子陳述了一種普遍 看法：“和動物相比，人類的嗅覺不靈敏”；空格后面是以 this is largely because 為標志的表示原因的句子，解釋導致“人類的嗅覺不靈敏” 的原因：人類是直立的。作者認為，人類鼻子并非不靈敏，只不過因為人是直立的， 因此選 C。 排除 B 選項， as 是引導原因狀語從句的連詞，放入句中后在語義上與 this is because 重復。 A 選項表讓步，放入原文表“雖然這是因為”，顯然不符合邏輯。 D 選項 while的用法比較靈活， 相當于 although,表“雖然，盡管”常放在句首，如： While I admit his good points I can see his bad.(雖然我承認他的優(yōu)點，但我也看到了他的缺點 )；還 表轉(zhuǎn)折，但是常用來表示同一事件相對的兩個方面，即“然而，卻”，如： You like tennis, while I like reading.(你愛打網(wǎng)球，但我愛看書 )。 [A] above 在上面 [B] unlike 不像。 [C] excluding 不包括 [D] beside 除。之外 [答案 ]B [解析 ] 邏輯 搭配題，答對率為 % 空格所在的從句是在對前面提到的“和動物比，人類的嗅覺不靈敏”作解釋?？崭窈竺嫱瑫r出現(xiàn) animals 和 we（人類），與上句出現(xiàn)的（ human） pared with animals 相呼應。由此可推斷處空格所在的分句是在以對比的方式說明人和動物的某種差異，正是這種差異導致了“人類的嗅覺不靈敏”，結(jié)合 we stand upright 這一信息可進一步判斷，空格處的介詞應表達一種對比或相反的含義。只有 unlike 表比較，填入空 格處表“和動物不同，我們?nèi)祟愂侵绷⒌摹薄? [A] limited (to) 局限于 [B] mitted (to) 獻身于 [C] dedicated (to) 致力于， 獻身于 [D]confined (to) 局限于 [答案 ]A [解析 ] 詞義辨析題，答對率為 % 空格所在的句子以 This means 開始，表明它對上文的結(jié)論作進一步的闡述?？崭窈蟮?perceiving smells which float through the air 與上文的 we stand upright 相呼應，說明“人直立，所以人的鼻子只能感知在空氣中飄過的氣味”，由此可見，空格處填入的過去分詞應說明人的鼻子的“局限性”，因此可以排除B 和 C 選項。 Limited 和 confined 都有“限制，限定”的含義 。 Confine 具有 limit 的含義，但它的內(nèi)涵是“限制在一定地域、領域、活動內(nèi)”，如： All prisoners will be confined to their cells.（所有的囚犯必須關在牢房里）。 Limit 指時間、空間、程度、數(shù)量等方面的“最大限度”，也可表示“局限”，如： The teaching of history should not be limited to dates and figures.(教授歷史不應該局限于講年代和人物 )。文章強調(diào)人類鼻子功能的局限性，應選 A [A] catching 抓住 [B] ignoring 忽視 [C] missing 錯過 [D]tracking 跟蹤 [答案 ]C [解析 ] 詞義辨析題，答對率為 % 空格前的 smell which float through the air 與空格后的 the majority of smells which stick to surfaces 形成對照，由上文描述鼻子的局限性 可推斷空格處應填入一個與上文中 perceiving 含義相反的詞。 首先排除 A 與 D 選項 B 選項 ignoring常指主觀上故意不理睬或忽視，可是文中人們并沒有故意忽視“地面上的氣味”，而是注意不到，所以只有表否定含義的 missing 符合題意。 [A] anyway 無論如何 [B] though 雖然如此 [C] instead 代替 [D] therefore 因此 [答案 ]B [解析 ] 邏輯 搭配題，答對率為 % 空格所在的句子 In fact, _____, we are extremely sensitive to smells 與前文提到的 Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers 意思截然相反?？梢?，空格處應填入一個表轉(zhuǎn)折關系的邏輯詞，所以先排除 A 和 D。副詞 instead 可表示取代先前提到的事物或人，如： Lee was ill so I went instead.(李病了，所以我代替他去了 )；也可作連接副詞，前后分別連接一個否定句和一個肯定 句，表“反而” ，如： He didn’t see a film. Instead, he watched TV,(他沒有看電影，而看了電視 )。這兩種情況都不適合原文。 Though 做副詞，意為“雖然如此，可是”，表轉(zhuǎn)折，如： It’s hard work, I enjoy it, though.(這是件艱難的工作，可是我還是喜歡它 )。因此 B 正確。注意： Though 也可做連詞，表讓步，如： Tho