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09考試中心六套題第二套-資料下載頁

2025-08-13 14:30本頁面

【導(dǎo)讀】本文介紹了情人節(jié)的由來。第二段介紹情人節(jié)是為了紀(jì)念一位羅馬牧師。第三段指出情人節(jié)已經(jīng)成為愛的主要象征??崭裉幪钊氲倪B詞應(yīng)反映空。格所在分句和下一句之間的邏輯關(guān)系。四個(gè)選項(xiàng),while表時(shí)間或讓。步,意為“當(dāng)??的時(shí)候”或“雖然,盡管”;when表時(shí)間,意為“當(dāng)??根據(jù)文意,兩個(gè)分句之間是時(shí)間關(guān)系,因此需要在while. when既可指一段時(shí)間,也可指一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn),既可。的時(shí)候,杰克在寫東西。)空格所在分句中的動作roamed不是持續(xù)性。的動作,只能用when,[B]正確。2.[精解]本題考查短語動詞辨析。call構(gòu)成短語動詞,接sb.todo。符合要求的是[A],

  

【正文】 語從句也是一個(gè)復(fù)合句,主干成分是 even the educated people can hardly be brought to see,句中的 we live among 部分做定語修飾 the educated people。 See后是 that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句,其主干結(jié)構(gòu)是 the cause why... is by no means necessarily a reason why...,意為“...的原因 決不一定非是...的理由”。其中又包含了兩個(gè)由 why 引導(dǎo)的定語從句,滬江考研 28 分別修飾 the cause 和 the reason。整個(gè)句子的大意是:對于很多話題,尤其是涉及到歷史,法律和哲學(xué)方面的話題,即使是我們中間受過教育的人也很難認(rèn)識到人們持有某種觀念或形成某種習(xí)俗的緣由決不一定是他們這樣做的理由。換言之,很多人持有的觀念或形成的習(xí)俗不是必然的。再看該句的上文,即第二段末句提到,有一種謬論深深植根于人類的頭腦中,認(rèn)為大家都說的話肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是對的。可見,三段首句是延續(xù)二段末句的話題展開論述,其中hold an opinion 和 practise a custom 對應(yīng)上文中的 what everybody says和 what everybody does。既然是謬論,當(dāng)然是不合理的。因此三段首句仍在說明:大家共有的或已有的觀點(diǎn)和做法不一定合理。[ D]項(xiàng)為正確答案。 在文中,作者提到歷史、哲學(xué),是為了說明人們這些方面形成的觀點(diǎn)和形成的習(xí)俗,并未涉及它們本身的原則處理問題,所以[ A]項(xiàng)錯誤,文中提到,受教育的人也免不了和常人一樣有這樣錯誤的認(rèn)識,但不是更容易受錯誤影響,[ C]項(xiàng)不正確。[ B]項(xiàng)與文章內(nèi)容無關(guān)。 ? [ A] 支持最不受支持的。 [ B] 否定他人相信的任何事情。 [ C] 將所有的傳統(tǒng)扔進(jìn)垃圾桶。 [ D] 時(shí)刻保持注意。 [精解] 本題考查作者的觀點(diǎn)。第一段作者提到,大多數(shù)人所共滬江考研 29 有的觀念和習(xí)慣不一定是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果;第二至三段又提出,認(rèn)為“大家都說的話肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是對的”是一種謬論。文章的最后提到,如果按照上述的推理方式,即大家廣泛同意的觀點(diǎn)就是對的,那么我們也可以證明地球是扁的,噩夢是惡魔的來訪。由此可以看出,作者是在批駁人們思維方式 上走入的誤區(qū),建議人們用一種更批判更睿智的態(tài)度看待那些已經(jīng)習(xí)以為常的觀點(diǎn)和做法。而并不建議我們徹底放棄傳統(tǒng)、在沒有確鑿的證據(jù)的情況下支持或否定事物和觀點(diǎn)。[ A]、[ B]和[ C]項(xiàng)屬于較偏狹的觀點(diǎn),不入選。 ? [ A] 講道理。 [ B] 舉例子。 [ C] 作比較。 [ D] 引證。 [精解] 本題考查文章的寫作方法。在文章的開始部分作者承認(rèn)觀點(diǎn)的部分合理性,轉(zhuǎn)而批駁其錯誤性,最后得出其錯誤結(jié)論,貫穿全文的寫作方法是講道理。 核心詞匯或超綱詞匯 (1)recurrence( n.)再現(xiàn),重現(xiàn);循環(huán); recur( v.); recurrent( a.) (2)reiterate( v.)反復(fù)地說,重申,重做; iterate( v.)反復(fù)說,重申,重述 (3)diffusion( n.)擴(kuò)散,傳播,漫射 (4)bear on (= bear upon) 涉及;關(guān)于 滬江考研 30 (5)pitfall( n.)缺陷,失誤;隱藏的危險(xiǎn),隱患;陷阱,圈套 (6)entrap( v.)使入陷阱;誘騙 ~ sb. into doing sth. 誘使某人做某事 (7)unwary( a.)不注意的,粗心的,不警惕的,易受騙的; wary( a.)機(jī)警的,謹(jǐn)慎的 (8)firmament( n.)天空,太空,蒼天 (9)truism( n.)真實(shí)性;公認(rèn)的真理,自明之理 (10)fallacy( n.)謬誤,謬論; fallacious( a.) (11)ethnography( n.)民俗學(xué),人種學(xué),人種志; ethno前綴意為“種族,民族”; ethnographic( a.) (12)demon( n.)魔鬼,極殘忍的人;邪惡的事物;精力過人的人 全文翻譯 在研究特殊習(xí)慣及觀念在一些地區(qū)的重復(fù)出現(xiàn)和它們在這些地區(qū)內(nèi)盛行的現(xiàn)象時(shí),我們碰到了被反復(fù) 重申的論證,證明了在特定的文化發(fā)展階段,產(chǎn)生人類生活現(xiàn)象的一般因果關(guān)系,和社會維持和傳播條件的規(guī)律。但是,在充分強(qiáng)調(diào)這些和社會標(biāo)準(zhǔn)條件相關(guān)的證據(jù)的同時(shí),我們必須小心謹(jǐn)慎,避免陷入粗心大意的學(xué)生常常掉進(jìn)的陷井。誠然,屬于大多數(shù)人所共有的觀念和習(xí)慣在很大程度上是合理的判斷和實(shí)踐智慧的結(jié)果,但是在很大程度上,情況并非如此。 許多的人類社會相信惡毒眼光的影響和蒼天的存在,祭祀死去的魂靈并為其奉獻(xiàn)奴隸和祭品,將巨人殺死猛獸以及人變成怪獸的傳統(tǒng)滬江考研 31 流傳下來,這些都使人們有理由相信這些想法在人腦中產(chǎn)生有其有效的根源,但卻不能 以此為依據(jù)認(rèn)為我們所提及的習(xí)俗是有益的,這些信仰是合理的,歷史是真實(shí)的。乍一看,這似乎像是自明之理,然而事實(shí)上,這是對一種謬論的否定:這種謬論深深植根于人類的頭腦中,只有一小部分具有批判性思維的人除外。通常情況下,大家都說的話肯定是真的,大家都做的事肯定是對的。 對于很多的話題,尤其是在歷史,法律,哲學(xué)和神學(xué)領(lǐng)域,我們中間那些甚至受過教育的人也很難理解,人們持有某種觀點(diǎn)、形成某種習(xí)俗的原因決不一定是他們這樣做的理由?,F(xiàn)今,民俗學(xué)證據(jù)的收集使眾多的人在某些傳統(tǒng)、信仰和習(xí)慣上的一致看法突顯出來,這些證據(jù)很容易被 不適當(dāng)?shù)赜脕碇苯泳S護(hù)這些傳統(tǒng)本身,甚至一些古老的野蠻民族也用投票方式來維護(hù)他們自己的觀點(diǎn),反對所謂的現(xiàn)代觀點(diǎn)。 我發(fā)現(xiàn)自己收集一些傳統(tǒng)觀念和信仰時(shí),在沒有對接受它們的依據(jù)進(jìn)行仔細(xì)審視的情況下,也是如此主張它們的客觀真實(shí)性,并且這種情況不只一次發(fā)生。因此,我借此機(jī)會想說的是,以上這種推理方式同樣也可以證明,地球是扁的,噩夢是惡魔的來訪并且可以爭得許多民族堅(jiān)決而廣泛的認(rèn)同。 Text 3 The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will 滬江考研 32 not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us. I confess that I am less horrorstruck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an an of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the precapitalist era. The economic whip of laissezfaire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serflike conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over precapitalist serfdom. Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and selfdiscipline of the munity. After all, under the system of laissezfaire capitalism the fear of hunger remained 滬江考研 33 an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger。 nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any an of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows. 1. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to______. [ A] corrective measures [ B] encouraging methods [ C] preventive efforts [ D] revolutionary actions 2. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph? [ A] People used to be forced to work under whips. [ B] The author dislikes the function of politics in economy. [ C] Incentives are always less available than regulations. [ D] People have an instinct of working less and getting more. 滬江考研 34 3. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of______. [ A] reluctant acce
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