高中政治生活必背考點(diǎn)(編輯修改稿)
2025-10-25 12:26 本頁(yè)面
【文章內(nèi)容簡(jiǎn)介】 or not to is a simplified representation of some aspect of the real activities generally center on particular government institutionscongress, the presidency,courts, bureaucracies, states, municipalities, and so policy is authoritatively determined, implemented, and enforced by choicePublic choice is the economic study of nonmarketdecision making, especially the application of economic analyses to public theory is the study of decisions in situations in which two or more rational participants have choices to make and the oute depends on the choices made by vouchersA more controversial version of parental choice involves educational vouchers that would be given to parents to spend at any school they choose, public or advocacy requires the skills of rhetoric, persuasion, organization, and analysis encourages scholars and students to attack critical policy issues with the tools of systematic is an art because it requires insight, creativity, and imagination in identifying societal problems anddescribing them, in devising public policies that might alleviate them, and then in finding out whether these policies end up making thing better or is a craft because these tasks usually require some knowledge of economics, political science, public administration, sociology, law, and of modelsSimplify and clarify our thinking about politics and public important aspects of policy problemsHelp us to municate with each other by focusing on essential features of political lifeDirect our efforts to understand public policy better by suggesting what is important and what is unimportant Suggest explanations for public policy and predict its consequences policy process identification setting legitimating evaluation in higher educationTrustees Presidents Faculty Unions StudentsA rational policy is one that achieves “maximum social gain”。that is, governments should choose polices resulting in gains to society that exceed costs by the greatest amount, and governments should refrain from policies if costs exceed gainsKnow all the society’s value preferences and their relative weightsKnow all the policy alternatives availableKnow all the consequences of each policy alternative Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for each policy alternativeSelect the most efficient policy alternativeIdentifying issues and setting the agenda for policymakersInfluencing attitudes and values toward policy issues Changing the behavior of voters and decision makers policyPolicy formulation is the development of policyalternatives for dealing with problems on the public formulation occurs in government bureaucracies。interest group offices。legislative mittee rooms。meetings of special missions。and policyplanning organizations, otherwise known as think Direct lobbyingCampaign contributionsInterpersonal contactsLitigation mobilizationFirst, because they do not have the time, information, or money to investigate all the alternatives to existing policySecond, policymakers accept the legitimacy of previous policies because of the uncertainty about theconsequences of pletely new or different , there may be heavy investments, in existingprograms sunk costs, which preclude any really radical , instrumentalism is politically , in the absence of any agreed on societal goals or values ,it is easier for the government of a pluralist society to continue existing programs rather than to engage in overall policy planning toward specific societal theory begins with the proposition thatinteract
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