【正文】 ble from the tape. Used to create ballistics tables for the US Navy. 1943 April Max Newman, WynnWilliams, and their team (including Alan Turing) at the secret Government Code and Cypher School (’Station X’), Bletchley Park, Bletchley, England, plete the Heath Robinson. This is a specialized machine for cipherbreaking, not a generalpurpose calculator or puter but some sort of logic device, using a bination of electronics and relay logic. It reads data optically at 20xx characters per second from 2 closed loops of paper tape, each typically about 1000 characters long. It was significant since it was the forerunner of Colossus, see December 1943. Newman knew Turing from Cambridge (Turing was a student of Newman’s.), and had been the first person to see a draft of Turing’s 1937 paper. Heath Robinson is the name of a British cartoonist known for drawings of ical machines, like the American Rube Goldberg. Two later machines in the series will be named after London stores with Robinson in their names. 1943 September Williams and Stibitz plete the Relay Interpolator, later called the Model II Relay Calculator. This is a programmable calculator。 ● 電腦大事記 |電腦發(fā)展大事記（英文版） A Brief History of Computing Complete Timeline 169。 again, the program and data are read from paper tapes. An innovative feature is that, for greater reliability, numbers are represented in a biquinary format using 7 relays for each digit, of which exactly 2 should be on: 01 00001 for 0, 01 00010 for 1, and so on up to 10 10000 for 9. Some of the later machines in this series will use the biquinary notation for the digits of floatingpoint numbers.) 1943 December The earliest Programmable Electronic Computer first ran (in Britain), it contained 2400 Vacuum tubes for logic, and was called the Colossus. It was built, by Dr Thomas Flowers at The Post Office Research Laboratories in London, to crack the German Lorenz (SZ42) Cipher used by the ’Enigma’ machines. Colossus was used at Bletchly Park during WWII as a successor to April’s ’Robinson’s. It translated an amazing 5000 characters a second, and used punched tape for input. Although 10 were eventually built, unfortunately they were destroyed immediately after they had finished their work it was so advanced that there was to be no possibility of it’s design falling into the wrong hands (presumably the Russians). One of the early engineers wrote an emulation on an early Pentium that ran at 1/2 the rate! 1946 ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer): One of the first totally electronic, valve driven, digital, puters. Development started in 1943 and finished in 1946, at the Ballistic Research Laboratory, USA, by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert. It weighed 30 tonnes and contained 18,000 Electronic Valves, consuming around 25kW of electrical power widely recognised as the first Universal Electronic Computer. It could do around 100,000 calculations a second. It was used for calculating Ballistic trajectories and testing theories behind the Hydrogen bomb. 1947 end Invention of Transistor at The Bell Laboratories, USA, by William B. Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter H. Brattain. 1948 June 21 SSEM, Small Scale Experimental Machine or ’Baby’ was built at Manchester University (UK), It ran it’s first program on this date. Based on ideas from Jon von Neumann (a Hungarian Mathematician) about stored program puters, it was the first puter to store both it’s programs and data in RAM, as modern puters so. By 1949 the ’Baby’ had grown, and aquired a magentic drum for more perminant storage, and it became the Manchester Mark I. The Ferranti MArk I was basically the same as the Manchester Mark I but faster and made for mmercial sale. 1949 May 6 Wilkes and a team at Cambridge University build a stored program puter EDSAC. It used paper tape I/O, and was the first storedprogram puter to operate a regular puting service. 1949 EDVAC (electronic discrete variable puter) First puter to use Magic Tape. This was a breakthrough as previous puters had to be reprogrammed by rewiring them whereas EDVAC could have new programs loaded off of the tape. Proposed by John von Neumann, it was pleted in 1952 at the Institute for Advance Study, Princeton, USA. 1949 Computers in the future may weigh no more than tons., Popular Mechanics, forecasting the relentless march of science. 1950 Floppy Disk invented at the Imperial University in Tokyo by Doctor Yoshiro Nakamats, the sales license for the disk was granted to IBM. 1950 The British mathematician and puter pioneer Alan Turing declared that one day there would be a machine that could duplicate human intelligence in every way and prove it by passing a specialized test. In this test, a puter and a human hidden from view would be asked random identical questions. If the puter were successful, the questioner would be unable to distinguish the machine from the person by the answers. 1951 High level language piler invented by Grace Murray Hopper. 1951 Whirlwind, the first realtime puter was built for the US Air Defence System. 1951 UNIVAC1. The first mercially sucessful electronic puter, UNIVAC I, was also the first general purpose puter designed to handle both numeric and textual information. Designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly, whose corporation subsequently passed to Remington Rand. The implementation of this machine marked the real beginning of the puter era. Remington Rand delivered the first UNIVAC machine to the . Bureau of Census in 1951. This machine used magentic tape for input. 1952 EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Computer) pleted at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, USA (by Von Neumann and others). 1953 Estimate that there are 100 puters in the world. 1953 Magic Core