【正文】 種不同的含義： The frost made patterns on the window. A face appeared in the window/mirror. The players were practicing on the field. Cows were gazing in the field. She was sitting on the grass/ in the grass. in用于較大的地方： in Asia。 with。 under。 past。 with over和 through具有遍及的意義，尤其是當他們與 all連用時 ： That child was running all over the flower borders. throughout的含義是 all through,唯有這個介詞主要表示“遍及” The epidemic(流行病 ) has spread throughout the country. all along。 B) on用來指當作時間段看待的一天 on Monday。 during。 A) between…and… 表示在由起點和終點指明的一段時 間中 , 但是與 from…to… 不同 ,它并不表示動詞在整個 這一段時間的延續(xù) We’ll probably arrive some time between 5and 6 o’clock. I’ll phone you between lunch and dinner. B) between還用來表示重復出現(xiàn)的相同事物之間的間隔 between meals/dances/acts/classes C) by表示一件事情出現(xiàn)結(jié)果的那一點時間 ,即表示終點。 throw at/ to。 He went to London. He left for London. Is this the train to London? Is this the train for London? (3)接受者 /目的 /目標 for/ to/ at A)當 for的后面接表示人或動物的名詞短語時，多半帶有“預定接受者”的意味 He laid a trap for his enemies. She made a beautiful doll for her daughter. He cooked a dinner for her. 這種預定接受者常常相當于一個間接賓語。 She didn’t arrived there till Christmas. F) till/until與肯定謂體連用，表示時間的終點；與否定的謂體連用，表示時間的起點： We slept until midnight. [We stopped sleeping then.] We didn’t sleep until midnight.[ We started sleeping then.] (5) before, after, since, till, until既作介詞又作連詞 ,他們作介詞時 ,全是指時間的介詞 ,后面接 :時間名詞短語[after next week], 無主語 ing分句 [since leaving school], 或接從動詞派生來的名詞短語或視為相當于分句的其他的名詞短語 [since electricity]。 in the late afternoon。 at the weekend。 at last。 past。among將非分離的物體聯(lián)系起來 . The house stands between two farms. The house stands among farms. (8)相對的目的地 :over。 below。 in a park。 on。 on the part of。 in favor of。 Ⅲ .介詞、從屬連詞和副詞 1. 介詞和連詞都具有關(guān)聯(lián)或連接功能，比較 ： the day when she arrived of her arrival 注：①辨別兩種詞類的一個標準是：介詞引導的是名詞 性或名詞化補足語，而與之相對的從屬連詞引導 一個從屬分句（從句）。 in+名詞 +with： in mon with。 for (the) sake of 。簡單位置和目的地（向某一預定場所移動） 這兩種概念之間，可以有一種因果關(guān)系。 in China。 near to。 behind. 這類介詞與移動動詞連用 ,既表示目的地等概念 ,又可表示通過 (即向某處移動 ,然后離開 )的概念 . He jumped over a ditch(渠道 ). Someone ran behind the goalposts. (10)通過 : across。 up。 all around。 on the following day。 over。 它在含義上和 already, still, yet和 any more有聯(lián)系。 shout at/to。 He set out for London. B)用 to短語表示假設(shè)將會到達的目的地。 My girlfriend worked/arrived* there till Christmas. She worked*/ arrived by Christmas. E)在否定語境中， until /till不論與持續(xù)動詞還是瞬間動詞連用都成立。 on the following evening。 at noon。 just。 over。 between將某一物體的位置與特定的或單一的某組分離物體聯(lián)系起來 。 beneath。 in the village。 to。 on (the) top of。 in need of。 ②在某些情況下，同一詞項既可以作介詞又可以 作連詞，如 after, as, before, since, until. ③ 如果是非謂語動詞，情況就比較復雜，因為在英語 中 ing分句可以用在介詞的后面。 in parison with。 in exchange for。 目的地 位置 Ann went to Oxford. Ann was at Oxford. Ann climbed onto the roof. Ann was on the roof. Ann jumped into the water. Ann was in the water. B) into和 onto常和表示移動的動詞 (walk, slide, swim)連用。 …. at和 in都可以用在表示城鎮(zhèn)，村莊的名詞前，但是兩者的著眼點不同。 close to。 through。 across和 through即表示方位，又和線、面、容積概念相結(jié)合 The village is past the bus stop./through the wood. up。 也用來表示遍及 There were crowds all along the route. They put flowers all around the country. with在下列詞組中也表示具有遍及的意義 The ground was covered with snow. The garden was buzzing with bees. surrounded with。 on May the first。 all through。 Your papers are to be handed in by next week. [not later than] By the time we’d walked five miles, he was already exhausted. 對比： By that time he was already exhausted. Until then he was not exhausted. D) by短語不與持續(xù)動詞連用 The troops remained there until /by* midnight. (7)表示時間的短語中，介詞的省略（略）。 He shouted at me.[含有敵意 ] He shouted to me.[對著我大聲說話，不是對著別人大聲說話 ] (4)來源 /籍貫： from與 to 反意 Bill lent the book to me. I borrowed the book from Bill. He is from Jiangxi. 2)手段 /施動者系列 (1)方式： in…manner。 B) out of和 for主要限于表達動機 心里因素： out of gratitude/kindness C) for出現(xiàn)在相對來說數(shù)量較小的詞組中： for fear/ love/ joy/ sorrow (2)目的 /目的地： for/to He’ll do anything for money. [in order to gain money] Everyone ran for shelter. [in order to reach shelter] A) for表示預定