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固定收益證券(留存版)

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【正文】 ince default premium changes and corporation risk may change. INVERSE FLOATER ? As rates rise, coupon falls ? Example: Fiveyear inverse floater Interest rate 10% minus oneyear rate prevailing at beginning of the period 第四章 收益率的衡量 收益率 債券收益率反映的是債券收益與其初始投資之間的關(guān)系。 20i 1 0i13 5 9 8 09 5 0 ( 1 Y T C ) ( 1 )Y T C?? ? ????可以求出半年的贖回收益率為 %,因此,該債券的年贖回收益率則為 2 %=%。如果債券持有至到期日,再投資利率為 8%。求解總收益率。 如果投資者投資 1元錢在一個兩年期的零息債券上 , 兩年后將獲得 1( ) 2元 。 可贖回債券的總收益率 ? 期末價值 =(贖回日前的利息 +利息的利息 +贖回價格)( 1+r) N, r是每期再投資利率, N是贖回日距投資期末的期數(shù)。 其中, Pn是期末價格, C是利息, r是利息再投資利率,n是持有期數(shù)。 例子 ? 某債券 10年后到期,半年付息一次,下一次付息在半年后。 零息債券價值的計算 ( 1 )nFVr??其中, V是零息債券的價值, F是到期價值, r為每期適當貼現(xiàn)率, n為距到期日的期數(shù)。后者是指在回購期內(nèi),抵押債券歸融券方所有,融券方可以使用該筆債券,只要到期有足夠的同種債券返還給融資方即可。 收益率招標 ? 收益率招標方式多適用于附息國債的發(fā)行,此時國債發(fā)行的標的是收益率。 交易所和場外交易市場 ? 證券交易所是證券市場交易的固定場所,證券的買賣雙方(或他們的代理人和經(jīng)紀人)在交易所的一個中心地點見面并進行交易。 國際債券 ? 國際債券是一國政府、金融機構(gòu)、工商企業(yè)或國際組織為籌措和融通資金,在國外金融市場上發(fā)行的,以外國貨幣為計價貨幣的債券。 流動性風險 ? 債券的流動性風險是指一種債券能否迅速地按照當前的市場價格銷售出去。它反映的是債權(quán)債務關(guān)系。 債券的要素 債券面值 債券價格 期限 票面利率 嵌入選擇權(quán) 抵押、擔保條款 償債基金條款 債券風險 ( 1) 利率風險; ( 2) 違約風險 ( 信用風險 ) ; ( 3) 通貨膨脹風險; ( 4) 提前償還風險; ( 5) 匯率風險; ( 6) 流動性風險 。一般而言,債券的流動性風險越大,投資者要求的回報率也越高。一般來說,國際債券主要包括兩類,一是外國債券,二是歐洲債券。 ? 場外交易市場是在證券交易所以外進行證券交易的市場。按照投標人所報收益率自低向高的順序中標,直至滿足預定發(fā)行額為止。目前我國債券回購業(yè)務的券種只限于國債和金融債券。 期限不足 1年的債券價值 / 3 6 5( 1 ) TFVr??其中, V是債券價值, r是以年利率表示的適當貼現(xiàn)率, F是零息債券到期日支付的現(xiàn)金流, T是距到期日的天數(shù)。它的面值為 1000元,票面利率為 7%,市場價格是 950元。設債券的期初價格是 P0,因為 P0 (1+y)n=FV, 所以, 101nFVyP????????債券總收益 ? 利息支付 ? 資本利得或資本損失 ? 利息的利息收入 如何計算利息的利息? ( 1 ) 1+ [ ]nrCr???利 息 利 息 的 利 息( 1 ) 1[]nrC nCr????利 息 的 利 息例子 ? 投資者用 8年后到期的債券,面值是 1000元,票面利率為12%,每半年付息一次,下一次付息在半年后。 ? 例:有一種 10年期的可贖回債券,面值為 1000元,票面利率為 7%,半年付息一次,下一次付息在半年后,市場價格是 950元。 那么 , 從現(xiàn)在看 , 第 2年( 第 2年初到第 2年末 ) 的遠期利率是多少呢 ? 第 2年的遠期利率可計算如下: [1 ( ) 2/]1=% FORWARD RATE 2 222,11 )1()1)(1( sfs ????f1,2 is the forward rate from year 1 to year 2 (1+r3)3=(1+r1)(1+f1,3)2= (1+r1)(1+f1,2)(1+f2,3) f1,3 is the annualized forward rate from year 1 to year 3 FORWARD RATE 3 ? More generally for the link between years t1 and t: tttttt sfs )1()1()1( ,111 ???? ???Continuous Compounding (simpler formula): 2 2 1 11221( ) ( ) ( , ) s t t s t tf t ttt? ? ????2 2 1 1 1 2 2 1( ) ( ) ( , ) ( )s t t s t t f t t t te e e? ? ? ???3 、 YIELD CURVES ? DEFINITION: a graph that shows the YTM for zerocoupon Treasury securities of various terms (maturities) on a particular date YIELD CURVES ? YIELD CURVES AND TERM STRUCTURE ? yield curve provides an estimate of ? the current TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES ? yields change daily as YTM changes Yield Curve An upwardsloping yield curve indicates that Treasury Securities with longer maturities offer higher annual yields Yield % Time to Maturity Yield Curve Shapes Normal Level or Flat Inverted Yield Curves at Various Points in Time 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 17 16 15 14 13 12 1 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 2 3 4 February 17, 1982 January 2, 1985 October 22, 1996 September 18, 2022 August 2, 1989 October 15, 2022 Annualized Treasury Security Yields Number of Years to Maturity 我國收益率曲線 中美收益率曲線比較 中國和美國國債收益率曲線的比較01234563MO 1YR 3YR 5YR 7YR 9YR11YR 13YR 15YR 17YR 19YR 21YR 23YR 25YR 27YR 27YR期限收益率%美國國債收益率 中國國債理論收益率 中國國債實際收益率4 . THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES ? Term structure theory deals with the effect that time has on interest rates. ? It seeks to answer the question of why bonds with different maturities should have different yields. TERM STRUCTURE THEORIES ? THE FOUR THEORIES 1. THE UNBIASED EXPECTATION THEORY 2. THE LIQUIDITY PREFERENCE THEORY 3. MARKET SEGMENTATION THEORY 4. PREFERRED HABITAT THEORY UNBIASED EXPECTATIONS ? Basic Theory: the forward rate represents the average opinion of the expected future spot rate for the period in question ? in other words, the forward rate is an unbiased estimate of the future spot rate. ? If this theory is correct, then the shape of the yield curve is also an accurate indicator of expected future spot rates. TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations ? THEORY 1: UNBIASED EXPECTATIONS ? the expected future spot rate equals the forward rate ? in equilibrium es1,2 = f1,2 where es1,2 = the expected future spot f1,2 = the forward rate TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations 222,11 )1()1)(1( sess ????222,11 )1()1)(1( sfs ????TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations ? CHANGING SPOT RATES AND INFLATION ? Why do investors expect rates to rise or fall in the future? ? spot rates = nominal rates ? because we know that the nominal rate is the real rate plus the expected rate of inflation TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations ? CHANGING SPOT RATES AND INFLATION ? Why do investors expect rates to rise or fall in the future? ? if either the spot or the nominal rate is expected to change in the future, the spot rate will change TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations ? CHANGING SPOT RATES AND INFLATION ? Why do investors expect rates to rise or fall in the future? ? if either the spot or the nominal rate is expected to change in the future, the spot rate will change TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbiased Expectations ? Current conditions influence the shape of the yield curve, such that ? if deflation expected, the term structure and yield curve are downward sloping ? if inflation expected, the term structure and yield curve are upward sloping TERM STRUCTURE THEORY: Unbia
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