【正文】
nce of the macro variables is also limited. Along with the incremental proportion of the institutional investors, the accelerated progress of the marketing reform and the strengthening efficiency of the capital market, the researching work on the puzzle of the correlation between the macro variables and the Chinese stock market has bee more and more instructive. In fact, according to this paper, the cointegrated analysis of the correlation between the macro variables and the stock market derives the conclusion that the influence of the macro variables to the stock market is limited and unstable. However, the intensive analysis of the correlations between the macro variables and the micro performance of the industries and panies derived many conclusions consistent with the economic theories. With these two analyses together, the paper constructed an empirical frame for the current study as well as for the further grope on this puzzle. Besides the traditional research on the direct correlation between macro variables and stock market, the paper separated the transmission system into two steps, the impact of the macro variables to the micro performance of real industries and the impact of the micro performance to the stock returns. By focusing on the efficiency of the first step, the paper makes itself distinct with the predecessors. By using the cointegration analysis to study the correlation between macro variables and stock market, the paper has drawn some significant conclusions. 1. The limited and unstable influence of macroeconomy on stock market. Except GDP, the correlation between stock market and other macro variables, including M2, interest rates and inflation rate, cannot pass the cointegration test. Only the GDP growth direct correlates with the stock market return under a 95% confidential interval, a 1% increase in GDP growth leading to a % increase in stock market return. However, such a relationship will vanish after two terms lag, which shows an unstable relationship between the two variables. In other words, during the sample period (from Q1 1996 to Q3 2004), the model may have changed for some reasons, which implies the weak efficiency of the market. 2. The significant correlations between macro variables and the scale expansion of the listing panies. According to the metric analysis of this paper, taking all the listing panies as a whole, there is a significant positive correlation between the revenue growth and the GDP growth (under a 99% confidential interval). Furthermore, the sub studies show that for different industrial groups, the interest share of GDP growth is different: the upstream heavy industries, such as oil, petrochemicals, steel and nonferrous metal industries, with a sensitivity larger than 1, benefit most from the GDP growth。大量的金融研究者從資產(chǎn)定價(jià)模型入手加入宏觀變量因素,計(jì)量了宏觀變量對(duì)股票資產(chǎn)的影響,取得了豐富的成果;但在實(shí)證中基于資產(chǎn)定價(jià)模型的“市場(chǎng)有效性”假說過于嚴(yán)格,從而使宏觀與股市的關(guān)聯(lián)在實(shí)證過程中的適用性也成了一個(gè)“謎”。宏觀變量與上市公司基本面的質(zhì)量改善在產(chǎn)業(yè)群層面顯著正相關(guān)。中國資本市場(chǎng)是一個(gè)新興的市場(chǎng),而且是一個(gè)有著明顯制度轉(zhuǎn)型特征的市場(chǎng)。Marc Chopin和Maosen Zhong(2000)利用Johansen和Juselius的協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)方法和向量誤差修正模型來檢驗(yàn)股票收益率和通貨膨脹率之間的關(guān)系。通常情況下,大部分的時(shí)間序列為非平穩(wěn)時(shí)間序列,而傳統(tǒng)計(jì)量模型都是以“經(jīng)濟(jì)時(shí)間序列平穩(wěn)”這一假設(shè)前提設(shè)計(jì)的。因此,該方法是較為理想的方法。我國現(xiàn)貨幣統(tǒng)計(jì)制度將貨幣供應(yīng)量劃分為流通中的現(xiàn)金M0、狹義貨幣供應(yīng)量M廣義貨幣供應(yīng)量M2三個(gè)層次。2.3.2協(xié)整檢驗(yàn)雖然時(shí)間序列LINDEX,LM2 ,GDPTH是非平穩(wěn)的一階單整序列,但其可能存在某種平穩(wěn)的線性組合。GDP與股市收益率有5%置信區(qū)間下的顯著協(xié)整關(guān)系——對(duì)應(yīng)GDP增長率1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的上升。總體來說,在我們所考察的時(shí)間段內(nèi),GDP增長率與股指之間存在不穩(wěn)定的正向關(guān)系。上市公司主營業(yè)務(wù)收入增長率與GDP增長率顯著正相關(guān),GDP增長率每提高一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)。因變量方面,我們依然采用主營業(yè)務(wù)收入增長率(ZYSR)、主營業(yè)務(wù)利潤率(ZYLR)、凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率(ROE)和凈利潤增長率(JLR)四個(gè)指標(biāo)。實(shí)證結(jié)果與我們的假設(shè)一致,全球一致定價(jià)的產(chǎn)業(yè)其毛利潤率與實(shí)際匯率正相關(guān)——由于上述產(chǎn)品均以美元標(biāo)價(jià),因此,實(shí)際匯率的上升意味著產(chǎn)品銷售的人民幣價(jià)格上升;此外,能源價(jià)格顯然也是影響企業(yè)利潤狀況的一個(gè)重要因素;而世界經(jīng)濟(jì)的增長會(huì)帶動(dòng)全球?qū)ι鲜鲑Y源產(chǎn)品的需求增長,從而推動(dòng)產(chǎn)品價(jià)格的上升,并影響企業(yè)收益。利用協(xié)整模型,我們對(duì)中國股市和宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量的相關(guān)性進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析,結(jié)果顯示中國股市依然是不成熟的市場(chǎng),市場(chǎng)的有效性較低,但正逐步有效,未來宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響將愈來愈大。5總結(jié)和探索:實(shí)體的有效和股市收益的無效綜上,我們的實(shí)證分析表明:1. 除GDP外,其他各項(xiàng)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)(M利率和通貨膨脹率)與股市收益率之間的相關(guān)性均通不過協(xié)整檢驗(yàn),只有GDP與股市收益率在95%置信區(qū)間下顯著正相關(guān)——對(duì)應(yīng)GDP增長率1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)的上升,;但該協(xié)整關(guān)系在滯后2期以后就消失了,顯示在整個(gè)樣本期內(nèi)(1996年初到2004年第三季度)GDP對(duì)股市的長期影響并不穩(wěn)定,模型可能發(fā)生了結(jié)構(gòu)性變化;2. 進(jìn)一步,在研究上市公司基本面與宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)之間相關(guān)性時(shí),即傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制的第一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)時(shí),我們發(fā)現(xiàn)上市公司收益規(guī)?!鳡I業(yè)務(wù)收入增長率與GDP增長率之間存在著顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系(99%置信區(qū)間)。鑒于此,考察我國對(duì)一攬子主要貿(mào)易國貨幣的實(shí)際匯率變動(dòng)是十分必要的,實(shí)證結(jié)果也證實(shí)了上述猜想:實(shí)際匯率每下降1個(gè)百分點(diǎn)(人民幣升值)。在美國,一般將產(chǎn)業(yè)劃分為增長敏感型、利率(資本成本)敏感型和價(jià)格敏感型三大類,但在中國,由于我們的增長動(dòng)力不同——政府投資、出口和消費(fèi)升級(jí)是經(jīng)濟(jì)增長的三大主要?jiǎng)恿?,價(jià)格機(jī)制也不同——利率、匯率和部分商品的價(jià)格是受管制的,因此,產(chǎn)業(yè)群的劃分也應(yīng)有所差異。變量及單位說明:ZYLR-主營業(yè)務(wù)利潤率ZYSR-主營業(yè)務(wù)收入增長率ROE-凈資產(chǎn)回報(bào)率JLR-凈利潤增長率以上數(shù)據(jù)均以期間全部上市公司報(bào)表披露值的算術(shù)平均值計(jì)算,但將兩極數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行歸類處理,即增長率大于100%的數(shù)據(jù)按100%處理,增長率小于100%的數(shù)據(jù)按100%處理。. amp。在接下來的檢驗(yàn)中,零假設(shè)H0: r≤1在1%的水平上被接受。根據(jù)協(xié)整理論,不同單整階數(shù)的時(shí)間序列之間不存在協(xié)整關(guān)系。根據(jù)以上結(jié)論,本文選用1996~2004年的季度數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)中國股市進(jìn)行實(shí)證分析。矩陣稱為調(diào)整參數(shù)矩陣。這種股價(jià)與真實(shí)業(yè)績之間的弱相關(guān)性也在一定程度上損害了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)變量與股市收益率之間的聯(lián)動(dòng)性。 近20年來西方學(xué)者不僅從理論上研究這些變量的影響因素,而且進(jìn)行了實(shí)證分析。面對(duì)活躍的股票市場(chǎng),大量的金融研究者則從資產(chǎn)定價(jià)模型入手加入宏觀因素變量,計(jì)量了宏觀變量對(duì)股票資產(chǎn)的影響,取得了豐富的成果。宏觀變量與上市公司基本面的數(shù)量擴(kuò)張正相關(guān)。基于中國股票市場(chǎng)弱有效性的特征,本文除了在傳統(tǒng)意義上研究了宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)與股市收益率之間的直接關(guān)系外,更進(jìn)一步將宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)與股市收益率之間的兩個(gè)傳導(dǎo)環(huán)節(jié)——宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)對(duì)行業(yè)和上市公司微觀績效的影響以及上市公司微觀績效對(duì)股市收益率的影響——隔離開來,并集中分析了前一個(gè)環(huán)節(jié)的作用機(jī)制和傳導(dǎo)效率,從而使本文的研究有別于前人的成果。1978年盧卡斯發(fā)表了“交換經(jīng)濟(jì)下的資產(chǎn)價(jià)格”一文,構(gòu)建了“代表性消費(fèi)模型”,將宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)中的消費(fèi)與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)資產(chǎn)的價(jià)格聯(lián)系在一起,并給出了均衡狀態(tài)下的資產(chǎn)定價(jià)公式。而名義無風(fēng)險(xiǎn)收益率則由實(shí)際利率和預(yù)期通貨膨脹率構(gòu)成。李心丹(2001)通過對(duì)數(shù)千位個(gè)人投資者的問卷調(diào)查和對(duì)實(shí)際交易數(shù)據(jù)的實(shí)證研究發(fā)現(xiàn),我國證券投資人普遍存在著“莊家情結(jié)”和“代表性偏差”(相信歷史會(huì)重演,Debondt和Thaler(1985));施東暉(2001)、宋軍和吳沖鋒(2001a)、孫培源(2002)也都通過實(shí)證研究證實(shí)中國股市上“羊群效應(yīng)”(跟隨其他人的投資策略)顯著,其程度高于美國股市,股民普遍存在著跟莊心理;汪煒(2002)發(fā)現(xiàn)我國股市規(guī)模效應(yīng)顯著,但不同于美國市場(chǎng)的指數(shù)股溢價(jià)現(xiàn)象,A股股市在2002年以前普遍存在著小盤股的溢價(jià);施東暉、攀登和曹敏(2003)通過對(duì)四個(gè)營業(yè)部20392個(gè)交易帳戶的統(tǒng)計(jì)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),有三分之二的投資人是技術(shù)分析的追隨者,有超過三分之一的投資者在做出買賣決策時(shí)使用動(dòng)量策略,即通常所說的“追漲殺跌”;而鹿長余、石世磊(2003)發(fā)現(xiàn)中國股市上的β值不僅不具有穩(wěn)定性,而且對(duì)收益率的解釋力也較弱。其次,矩陣∏