【正文】 ite had to be provided for performances and when the entire munity did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and costumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effectsuccess in hunt or battle, the ing rain, the revival of the Sunas an actor might. Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities. 這可以稱得上是又一次電子革命，其關(guān)鍵在于電視技術(shù)與計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)的結(jié)合。 Andrew Carnegie, known as the King of Steel, built the steel industry in the United States, and , in the process, became one of the wealthiest men in America. His success resulted in part from his ability to sell the product and in part from his policy of expanding during periods of economic decline, when most of his petitors were reducing their investments. 卡內(nèi)基認(rèn)為個(gè)人應(yīng)該通過努力工作來獲得進(jìn)展，但他也強(qiáng)烈地感到有錢人應(yīng)該運(yùn)用他們的財(cái)富來為社會(huì)謀 取福利。 The American Revolution was not a sudden and violent overturning of the political and social framework, such as later occurred in France and Russia, when both were already independent nations. Significant changes were ushered in, but they were not breathtaking. What happened was accelerated evolution rather than outright revolution. During the conflict itself people went on working and praying, marrying and playing. Most of them were not seriously disturbed by the actual fighting, and many of the more isolated munities scarcely knew that a war was on. 即使政治上的顛覆也不如人們可能想象的那樣具有革命性。 今天很多美國(guó)的大城市其實(shí)就是靠吞并它們附近的邊緣地區(qū)而變成大都會(huì)的。 考古學(xué)資料本身也是一種 歷史文獻(xiàn)，而不僅僅是文字資料的例證。With collections expanding, with the needs and functions of museums changing, empty space has bee a very大家一致行動(dòng)的原因是復(fù)雜多樣的，但其中的一個(gè)因素是普遍 考慮的空間問題。 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by steelandglass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a break out of its envelope in the next fifteen years, according to Philadelphia Museum of Art39。 然而，現(xiàn)代考古學(xué)通過運(yùn)用適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)和比較的方法，在從泥炭、沙漠和凍土中所獲得的一些幸運(yùn)發(fā)現(xiàn)的輔助下， 能夠填充這個(gè)空缺的很大部分。不論何種語言，只會(huì)有很小一部分使用者能夠意識(shí)到他們是在使用俗語或俚語。 Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society。 但是建于 18 世紀(jì)三四十年代的早期工廠位于城邊的航道和鐵路附近，被工作機(jī)會(huì)吸引到這里的成千上萬的人們需要住 房。美國(guó) 獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)宣布了三個(gè)現(xiàn)代國(guó)家的誕生，其中一個(gè)是加拿大。 由于他超過五百萬美元的捐款，2500個(gè)圖書館得以建立起來，遍布在美國(guó)各地的小村鎮(zhèn)， 形成了我們今天還在享用的公共圖書館系統(tǒng)的核心?？▋?nèi)基在美國(guó)建立了鋼鐵工業(yè)。 我們漸漸把顯像 管看作是娛樂的來源，讓自己成為這個(gè)生動(dòng)的媒介的被動(dòng)觀眾。另一個(gè)追溯戲劇起源的理論認(rèn)為它來自人 們對(duì)敘述故事的興趣。 The electric eel is an amazing storage battery. It can seed a jolt of as much as eight hundred volts of electricity through the water in which it live. ( An electric house current is only one hundred twenty volts.) As many as fourfifths of all the cells in the electric eel’s body are specialized for generating electricity, and the strength of the shock it can deliver corresponds roughly to length of its body. 電 當(dāng)今時(shí)代是電氣時(shí)代。但要獲得對(duì)價(jià)格在任何一樁交易中的完整認(rèn)識(shí)，就必須考慮到大量 非貨幣因素的影響。 例如，高中生們知道，在課堂上他們沒法弄清楚他們社區(qū)里政治問題的真情， 也不會(huì)了解到最新潮的電影制片人在做哪些嘗試。 而現(xiàn)在卻有人認(rèn)為孩子們上學(xué)打斷了他們 受教育的過程。給鋼琴調(diào)音是調(diào) 音師的職責(zé)。 the hammers that hit the string have to be coaxed not to sound like percussion, and each overlapping tone has to sound clear. 但調(diào)音師們也有他們的難處： 他們必須耐心地調(diào)理敲擊琴弦的音錘，不能讓音錘發(fā)出的聲音象是打擊樂器，而且每個(gè)交疊的音都必須要清晰。 這種觀念中的上學(xué)與受教育之間的區(qū)別非常重要。 學(xué)校教育這一形式化的過程是有特定的 限制的。 買賣雙方不但要清楚交易中的錢數(shù)，而且要非常熟悉交易物的質(zhì)量和數(shù)量，交易的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)，采用哪種形式付款，有怎樣的緩付和優(yōu)惠，對(duì)交易物的質(zhì)量保證、 交貨條款、退賠權(quán)利等等。人們對(duì)電燈、收音機(jī)、電視和電話早已司空見慣以致很難想 象沒有它們生活會(huì)變成什么樣。 There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece. The on most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the worldeven the seasonal changesas unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama. 根據(jù)這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，故事(關(guān)于狩獵、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)或者其它偉績(jī))是逐漸豐富起 來的。07 Andrew Carnegie 在這個(gè)過 程中，他變成了美國(guó)最富有的人之一。08 American Revolution 加拿大的第一大批講英語的流 入人口來自于成千上萬英王的效忠者， 這些人從美國(guó)逃到了加拿大。漸漸地，在與舊有的主要城區(qū)相毗鄰的地方，不斷涌現(xiàn)出由排房和公寓樓組成的工人聚居區(qū)，包圍了工廠。 second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups。 講英語的多數(shù)人能夠在適當(dāng)?shù)膱?chǎng)合中選擇使用所有 這三種語言類型。12 MuseumsFrom Boston to Los Angeles, from New York City to Chicago to Dallas, museums are either planning, building, or wrapping up wholesale expansion programs. These programs already have radically altered facades and floor plans ors president.博物館 從波士頓到洛杉機(jī)，從紐約到芝加哥、到達(dá)拉斯，所有的博物館或者正在籌劃、建造或者正在完成大規(guī)模的擴(kuò)建計(jì)劃。city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities. Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 Center towers in New York City would alone generate million gallons of raw sewage each year as much as a 單單在紐約市，六個(gè)主要機(jī)構(gòu)或者已經(jīng)向空中和周 圍擴(kuò)展，或者正準(zhǔn)備這樣做。them or are preparing to do so. The reasons for this confluence of activity are plex, but one factor is a consideration everywhere space.s standpoint. What is perhaps worse, most or