【正文】 used so that a negative value of one defect does not offset a positive value of some other defect. The defects may be of many different kinds。另外還要注意的是任何三個(gè)出發(fā)點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)小的改變就可能導(dǎo)致程序在極小值的 D， E 或 F 中的一個(gè)停滯不前。 斯賓塞對(duì)這一過程 在“靈活的自動(dòng)鏡頭校正程序”一文中 進(jìn)行了數(shù)學(xué)描述 ， 該文發(fā)表在 應(yīng)用光學(xué) ,第二卷 ,1963 年 ,1257 1264 頁(yè) ,史密斯 , (主編 ),光學(xué)手冊(cè) ,麥格勞 希爾 ,紐約 ,1978 年。還要注意的是程序中有很多項(xiàng)可以被控制，包括幾乎所有的角度和高度的求解功能。將所有的出射光線相交的圖心與圖像平面的交點(diǎn)的徑向距離視作圖像缺陷。 指導(dǎo)教師評(píng)語(yǔ)： 成 績(jī) 簽 名 年 月 日 注： 請(qǐng)將該封面與附件裝訂成冊(cè)。還有一種評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)，它計(jì)算出古典像差的值，并將其轉(zhuǎn)換（或計(jì)算）成等效的波振面的形變。評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的值越小 ， 鏡頭越好。然后可以把評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的空間比作一個(gè)地形圖，其中緯度和經(jīng)度相對(duì)應(yīng)的變量和仰角代表評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的值。它對(duì)于鏡頭設(shè)計(jì)的需要能給出最近似的最優(yōu)結(jié)果，但是這需要在一開始人為的選擇一個(gè)接近最優(yōu)的設(shè)計(jì)形式。 the result may be , for example, a wellcorrected lens with the wrong focal length or numerical aperture. The program often finds this to be a local optimum and is unable to move away from it. The other drawback is that the inclusion of these items in the merit function has the effect of slowing the process of improving the image quality. An alternative approach is to use a system of constraints outside the merit function. Note also that many of these items can be controlled by features which are included in almost all programs, namely anglesolves and heightsolves. These algebraically solve for a radius or space to produce a desired ray slope or height. In any case, the merit function is a summation of suitably weighted defect items which, it is hoped, describes in a single number the worth of the system. The smaller the value of the merit function, the better the lens. The numerical value of the merit depends on the construction of the optical system。 附件 2：外文原文 （復(fù)印件） Modern Lens Design the merit function What is usually referred to as automatic lens design is,of course,nothing of the sort. the puter programs which are so described are actually optimization programs which drive an optical design to a local optimum, as defined by a merit function (which is not a true merit function , but actually a defect function). in spite of the preceding disclaimers, we will use these monly accepted terms in the discussions which follow. Broadly speaking ,the merit function can be described as a bination or function of calculated characteristics, which is intended to pletely describe, with a single number, the value or quality of a given lens design. This is obviously an exceedingly difficult thing to do. The typical merit function is the sum of the squares of many image defects。通過這個(gè)比喻就算我們對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)只有一點(diǎn)模糊的知識(shí)，我 們也可以很容易地把起點(diǎn)選在地圖的右下象限來(lái)保證最小點(diǎn)在 A 點(diǎn)處。針對(duì)這一情況可以使用阻尼最小二乘解 ， 這實(shí)際上是增加了對(duì)于評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的參數(shù)進(jìn)行加權(quán)平方這一計(jì)算 ， 從而嚴(yán)格控制任何大的變化 ， 因此限制了結(jié)果大小變化。一種替代的方法是使用評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)之外的約束系統(tǒng)。另一種類型的評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的原理是追跡從一個(gè)對(duì)象發(fā)出的大量光線。 (用外文寫 ) 附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文 現(xiàn)代光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì) 評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù) 到底什么是大家所說的自動(dòng)光學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)，當(dāng)然，自動(dòng)并不是指電腦能夠自己來(lái)完成設(shè)計(jì)。（幾種常見的像差轉(zhuǎn)換系數(shù)見附錄 F 12 第二段 ）。評(píng)價(jià)函數(shù)的數(shù)值取決于光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的建設(shè) ， 即函數(shù)的變量是光學(xué)系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)參數(shù)。因此，鏡片設(shè)計(jì)是在一個(gè)特定的初始位置，在設(shè)計(jì)中橫向?qū)⑼哥R移動(dòng)到最小值的優(yōu)化過程就像在下坡的過程中找到海拔最低的點(diǎn)。這是一個(gè)自動(dòng)程序可以設(shè)計(jì)一個(gè)良好系統(tǒng)的唯一途徑。 it is a function of the construction parameters which are designated as variables. Without getting into the details of the mathematics involved, we can realize that the merit function is an ndimensional space, where n is the number of the variable constructional parameters in the optical system. The task of the design program is to find a location in this