【正文】 used so that a negative value of one defect does not offset a positive value of some other defect. The defects may be of many different kinds。另外還要注意的是任何三個出發(fā)點一點小的改變就可能導致程序在極小值的 D， E 或 F 中的一個停滯不前。 斯賓塞對這一過程 在“靈活的自動鏡頭校正程序”一文中 進行了數(shù)學描述 ， 該文發(fā)表在 應用光學 ,第二卷 ,1963 年 ,1257 1264 頁 ,史密斯 , (主編 ),光學手冊 ,麥格勞 希爾 ,紐約 ,1978 年。還要注意的是程序中有很多項可以被控制，包括幾乎所有的角度和高度的求解功能。將所有的出射光線相交的圖心與圖像平面的交點的徑向距離視作圖像缺陷。 指導教師評語： 成 績 簽 名 年 月 日 注： 請將該封面與附件裝訂成冊。還有一種評價函數(shù)，它計算出古典像差的值，并將其轉換（或計算）成等效的波振面的形變。評價函數(shù)的值越小 ， 鏡頭越好。然后可以把評價函數(shù)的空間比作一個地形圖，其中緯度和經度相對應的變量和仰角代表評價函數(shù)的值。它對于鏡頭設計的需要能給出最近似的最優(yōu)結果，但是這需要在一開始人為的選擇一個接近最優(yōu)的設計形式。 the result may be , for example, a wellcorrected lens with the wrong focal length or numerical aperture. The program often finds this to be a local optimum and is unable to move away from it. The other drawback is that the inclusion of these items in the merit function has the effect of slowing the process of improving the image quality. An alternative approach is to use a system of constraints outside the merit function. Note also that many of these items can be controlled by features which are included in almost all programs, namely anglesolves and heightsolves. These algebraically solve for a radius or space to produce a desired ray slope or height. In any case, the merit function is a summation of suitably weighted defect items which, it is hoped, describes in a single number the worth of the system. The smaller the value of the merit function, the better the lens. The numerical value of the merit depends on the construction of the optical system。 附件 2：外文原文 （復印件） Modern Lens Design the merit function What is usually referred to as automatic lens design is,of course,nothing of the sort. the puter programs which are so described are actually optimization programs which drive an optical design to a local optimum, as defined by a merit function (which is not a true merit function , but actually a defect function). in spite of the preceding disclaimers, we will use these monly accepted terms in the discussions which follow. Broadly speaking ,the merit function can be described as a bination or function of calculated characteristics, which is intended to pletely describe, with a single number, the value or quality of a given lens design. This is obviously an exceedingly difficult thing to do. The typical merit function is the sum of the squares of many image defects。通過這個比喻就算我們對于評價函數(shù)只有一點模糊的知識，我 們也可以很容易地把起點選在地圖的右下象限來保證最小點在 A 點處。針對這一情況可以使用阻尼最小二乘解 ， 這實際上是增加了對于評價函數(shù)的參數(shù)進行加權平方這一計算 ， 從而嚴格控制任何大的變化 ， 因此限制了結果大小變化。一種替代的方法是使用評價函數(shù)之外的約束系統(tǒng)。另一種類型的評價函數(shù)的原理是追跡從一個對象發(fā)出的大量光線。 (用外文寫 ) 附件 1：外文資料翻譯譯文 現(xiàn)代光學設計 評價函數(shù) 到底什么是大家所說的自動光學設計，當然，自動并不是指電腦能夠自己來完成設計。（幾種常見的像差轉換系數(shù)見附錄 F 12 第二段 ）。評價函數(shù)的數(shù)值取決于光學系統(tǒng)的建設 ， 即函數(shù)的變量是光學系統(tǒng)的結構參數(shù)。因此，鏡片設計是在一個特定的初始位置，在設計中橫向將透鏡移動到最小值的優(yōu)化過程就像在下坡的過程中找到海拔最低的點。這是一個自動程序可以設計一個良好系統(tǒng)的唯一途徑。 it is a function of the construction parameters which are designated as variables. Without getting into the details of the mathematics involved, we can realize that the merit function is an ndimensional space, where n is the number of the variable constructional parameters in the optical system. The task of the design program is to find a location in this