【正文】 dolphins 7– 19 monkeys and apes 10 – 37 human languages 11– 67 But animal call systems cannot be considered as true language. True language involves the free bination of symbols limited only by logical rules of grammar and syntax, which themselves express relations between symbols and hence symbolize relations between things and individuals and events. In addition, true language must involve true munication. Compulsive utterance of signals in the absence of other individuals is not true munication. Are the bees talking? No, that’s a matter of automatic signaling. Are they talking? No. They are courting. Dolphins are extremely vocal animals. But dolphin’s whistling has been discovered as conditional reflexes. It is not a means of munication. Though a dolphin can respond to another’s vocal signals, the signals are not intentionally made for the listener. They can’t exchange ideas. Then how about a monkey? Attempts to teach apes to municate with human beings all proved to be failures. A monkey could not ask questions and use the negation forms. Biological limitation The vocal ans of all kinds of monkeys are too curving to produce many sounds. 2. How different is human language from animal 39。 any large destruction of this area results in the loss of the capacity for meaningful speech but not the loss of sound production. 。? ? A. The biological foundation of language ? There is a right angle bend in the human tract which provides for a wider range of vocal sounds as a result of the descent of our ancestors from the trees and walking erect. No other primate uses the vocal ans to municate anything but rudimentary warnings