【正文】 A 361, 2021, 2771–2787. [8 ] R. E. Ca me ron, A. M. Donald, J. Microscopy 173, 1994, 227. [9] G. L. Brown, J. Polym. Sci. 22, 1956, 423. [10] J. W. Vanderhoff, Br. Polym. J. 2, 1970, 161. [11 ] S. S. Voyutakii, Z. M. Ustinov a, J. Adhes. 9, 1977, 39. [1 2 ] D. P. Sheettz, J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 9, 1965, 3759– 3773. [1 3 ] E . M. Boczar, B. C. Dionne, Z. Fu, A. B. Kirk, P. M. Lesko, A. D. Koller, Macro mole cules 26, 1993, 5772. Copyright 2021 WIL E YV C H Verlag GmbH amp。 273 K, (b) T 188。如果 在頻率 f = （ c/a）下 波長 是 1550nm， 晶格常數(shù)是 m， 所以 SMRW半徑為 R = 4 a大約是 m。在某些頻率下，前端下降提高了，到目前為止具體機制還不了解。在共振頻率下，絕大部分能量通過環(huán)諧振腔從輸入波導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)移到輸出波導(dǎo)。（ f） 當(dāng)歸一化頻率 f = （ c/a）時，諧振環(huán)內(nèi)的電場分布。通過消除環(huán)型光子晶體的一個同心層而形成 SMRW。 SMRW大的同心圓距離和小的曲率半徑導(dǎo)致波矢量在大小和方向上的突然改變。環(huán)形波導(dǎo) 表面 模式 SMRW 是在圓形光子晶體 CPC 結(jié)構(gòu)的表面上制作的，通過增加圓形光子晶體同軸圓最外層周長的那排半徑而得到。在某一固定的頻率下，在輸入波導(dǎo)的表面模式中 SMRW 作為一個基本的模式被引進，這種 SMRW模式 由于諧振而加強， 光波 耦合到 輸出 SMW 波導(dǎo)表面 模式。最近，光子晶體表面光波導(dǎo)被認(rèn)識到 具有 高效率的光波透射 [1314]。對于圖 1（ b）所示增大柱表面的結(jié)構(gòu)條件下，兩個表面模式主要分布在柱表面和其在空氣中的范圍內(nèi)整個能量分布變化很小[14]。 （ b） 一半 SMRW在 dc=（薄黑線）和 dc=（厚黑線） 處的透射譜。 類似的模式設(shè)計方便地降低表面波導(dǎo)的不匹配是很容易理解的方式。 當(dāng)一個基本的 TE模（電場區(qū)域垂直于 xy平面）被引入輸入波導(dǎo)， TE波將會與 SMRW相耦合，并且激發(fā)基于這些最外層同心圓波長表面棒的表面模式。 SMRW條件下共振發(fā)生和絕大部分能量轉(zhuǎn)移到輸出波導(dǎo)。 （ d） 當(dāng)歸一化頻率 f = （ c/a）時，諧振環(huán)內(nèi)的電場分布 。 Stage II – concen trated suspension of particles in contact with each other, surrounded by solvent filled interstices。 278 K), partial particle deformation and coalescence, pos sibly helped by water plasticization, would naturally be expected to take place. The discontinuity of the film can be explained by taking into consideration the varying shapes and sizes of the clusters. During water evaporation, . when clus ters and individual particles e into contact, it is obvious that voids within the polymer film could easily form. Therefore, based on the experimental evidence it appears that the film formation mechanism of the novel latex is somewhat different to the conventional descriptions, because of the presence of clusters in the latex system. Moreover, as seen in Figure 5, in the final stages of the film formation process, a number of clusters appear to remain on the surface of the film. In the ESEM image the clusters appear brighter than the rest of the polymer film. This is believed to be caused by a difference in the working distance。 Co. KGaA, Weinheim 124 Macromol. Sym p. 2021, 281, 119–125 Figure 5. Lo w m agnific ation E SE M image of a novel acrylic latex specimen in the final stage of the film formation process, showing accumulation of clusters on the surface of the drying film. explained by taking into consideration the Peclet number for latices.[22,23] For a latex system the Peclet number can be defined as: HE Conclusion Environmental scanning electron micro scopy (ESEM) has proven to be a successful method for studying the process of the evolution of aqueous polymer dispersion into a dry film. The ESEM results revealed that there are differences in both the microstructures and the drying behaviour of the studied latex systems. The ESEM analysis revealed that the microstructure of the standardlow Tg system consisted of individual particles and upon evaporation a continuous film formed, whereas in the case of the standardhigh Tg latex the particles did not deform and/or coalesce, but formed wellordered arrays. However, in the case of the novel system the microstructure consisted of individual particles and clus ters and during evaporation a discontinuous film formed with voids present within its structure. Furthermore, it was found that in the final stages of the film formation process some of the clusters accumulate on the Pe 188。 Stage IV – a molecularly continuous and homogeneous film formed as a result of polymer interdiffusion. In 1995, Keddie et al. [4] used environ mental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) and MultipleAngleofIncidence Ellipsometr y (MAIE) in the study of latex film formation. They concluded that an intermediate stage, betwee n II and III, has been omitted in the conventional descriptions.[9–17] The stage, defined as II , is characterized by a randomly packed array of deformed particles which still contain waterfilled interstices. A schematic representation of the process is shown in Figure 1. More recently, Keddie et al.[18,19] inves tigated the possibility of creating hetero geneous films, by mixing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with waterborne polymer particles. It was found that the mechanical properties of the nanoposite coatings can be greatly improved, while maintaining their optical clarity. However, it is important to note that all of the above studies were carried out using continuous polymer films. In this paper we present the results from an ESEM investigation into the film for mation mechanisms of novel acrylic latex, which has been stabilised by using a new polysaccharide, derived from agricultural waste, and two standard polymer systems, where the conventional carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) has been used as a stabiliser. The novel polysaccharide con sists of a number of monosaccharides (including arabinose and xylose) formed from five and sixmembered rings and has a low molecular weight, only a few thousand rather than the hundreds of thousands found i