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families. The 54yearold was born in Tongliao, in eastern Inner Mongolia and joined the troupe in says there are 74 branch troupes across Inner Mongolia and actors give around 100 shows every year to local nomadic people. I can still recall the days when I toured with the troupe in the early 39。 he wondered how in the world he came to belong there. Indeed his penning and publishing this essay caused his exmunication from high society and also caused him a lot of legal trouble. The legal trouble came as a result of the fact that he was speaking out against the government. I like to reference such texts from time to time as an example both of the fact that history does repeat itself and that this world is not so big that what applies to one society does not in any way touch another society. On a much smaller scale,Emerson39。s to e and recapping the key points. This device, not used in the original, is culturally understandable but artistically mediocre. What puzzles me is the two new song s for the opening and end credits. They were written in English, but sung by Chinese with an unfortable accent. They were obviously designed to appeal to an Englishspeaking base, but do not jibe with the Chinese dialogue. Speaking of the dialogue, the English translation, picked apart by some Chinese, is too literal for my taste. I can imagine a typical American hit by a flurry of royal ranks, addresses and greetings, even multiple names and titles for the same person. The first half hour must be a swamp to wade through, very much like my experience of getting through a Tolstoy tome with its endless inflections of names transliterated into lengthy Chinese. I see the choice of verbatim translation as an effort for conveying exotica. It is fairly petent, with no error that I could detect, but fails to rise above words or capture the essence of the language. A cultural product usually crosses over to a foreign territory first by an emphasis on the monalities. But whether inside or outside China, the temptation to sell it for the differences is just too great. Sure, the sumptuous sets and costumes are a big attraction, but the narrative technique has bee- how shall I put it?- a bit anglicized, which is necessary for cultural export. Judging by the responses, this legend, which, contrary to the claim of the English trailer, is totally fictitious, has departed from China but not yet landed on American shores. I am a big fan of Ralph Waldo Emerson39。 陳 老師悉心指導(dǎo)我們完成了畢業(yè)設(shè)計的各項(xiàng)準(zhǔn)備工作 與 寫作過程中的研究工作,對我的工作 與 設(shè)計都提出了許多寶貴的意見,在此表示衷心的感謝。 因其中的碳主要從游離石墨形式存在,并成片段狀,斷口為灰色。 主要研究內(nèi)容 及技術(shù)路線 本論文研究的主要內(nèi)容是發(fā)動機(jī)缸蓋有毛坯到成品的主要機(jī)械加工工藝過程的制定以及相應(yīng)的加工過程中 能夠滿足精度要求的 機(jī)床 與 刀具的選擇, 還有發(fā)動機(jī)缸蓋上孔群的加工所需要的 專用夾具的設(shè)計。 氣缸蓋一般采用灰鑄鐵或合金鑄鐵鑄成,鋁合金的導(dǎo)熱性好,有利于提高壓縮比,所以近年來鋁合金氣缸蓋被采用得越來越多。汽油機(jī)的燃燒室主要在氣缸蓋上,而柴油機(jī)的燃燒室主要在活塞頂部的凹坑。應(yīng)該采取一些防漏措施。有的汽車為了降低發(fā)動機(jī)的高度,把 發(fā)動機(jī)傾斜一個角度。在氣缸體內(nèi)部鑄有許多加強(qiáng)筋,冷卻水套 與 潤滑油道等。按照行程分類內(nèi)燃機(jī)按照完成一個工作循環(huán)所需的行程數(shù)可分為四行程內(nèi)燃機(jī) 與 二行程內(nèi)燃機(jī)。 發(fā)動機(jī)是汽車心臟,為汽車行走提供動力,汽車動力性、經(jīng)濟(jì)性、環(huán)保性。所以,以電為能量來源的電動機(jī),不屬于發(fā)動機(jī)的范疇。內(nèi)燃機(jī) 種類十分繁多,我們常見的汽油機(jī)、柴油機(jī)就 是典型的內(nèi)燃機(jī)。按照氣缸排列方式分類內(nèi) , 燃機(jī)按照氣缸排列方式不同可以分為單列式與雙列式。按照所用燃料分類 的 內(nèi)燃機(jī)按照所使用燃料 不同可以分為汽油機(jī) 與 柴油機(jī)。 (3) 隧道式氣缸體這種形式的氣缸體曲軸的主軸承孔為整體式,采用滾動軸承,主軸承孔較大,曲軸從氣缸體后部裝入。它的特點(diǎn)是高度小,總體布置方便,有利于風(fēng)冷。油底殼底部還裝有放油螺塞,通常放油螺塞上裝有永久磁鐵,以吸附潤滑油中的金屬屑,減少發(fā)動機(jī)的磨損。 (2) 楔形燃燒室 楔形燃燒室結(jié)構(gòu)簡單、緊湊,散熱面積小,熱損失也小,能保證混合氣在壓縮行程中形成良好的渦流運(yùn)動,有利于提高混合氣的混合質(zhì)量,進(jìn)氣阻力小,提高了充氣效率。 不同的排列方式使得發(fā)動機(jī)在順滑性、制造費(fèi)用 與 外型上有著各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn) 與 缺點(diǎn),配備在相應(yīng)的汽車上。通常失效損壞形式為:其底面 與 冷卻水腔產(chǎn)生裂紋,這是柴油機(jī)經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的損壞現(xiàn)象,還有汽閥底 面與 導(dǎo)套容易磨損,冷卻水側(cè)被腐蝕等。 2 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化設(shè)計更加容易同其它機(jī)械設(shè)計一樣,工位器具結(jié)構(gòu)中也存在一些組件或結(jié)構(gòu)可以做 為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)零件裝在需要的工位器具 如圖二中的角輪和牽引裝臵是轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)器具上常用的部件,筆者將其繪制成一個組件,在設(shè)計其它 轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)車的時候可以直接調(diào)取使用,大大提高繪圖效率。80s. We sat on the back of pickup trucks for hours. The sky was blue, and we couldn39。s essay affects me very deeply. Not as an urging to bee self reliant – I39。s lost, I believe, are the interesting setups and pauses that illuminate the Chinese art of storytelling. Much of the plot is still there. It is the flavor that was sacrificed. The American edition uses the framework of the Empress Dowager in her senior years reminiscing at the beginning and the end of each episode, hinting at what39。在此衷心感謝這學(xué)期 陳 老師對我的關(guān)心 與 指導(dǎo)。根據(jù)查閱有關(guān)資料:缸蓋材料通常選用鑄鐵,其詳細(xì)介紹如下: ( 1) 灰鑄鐵 灰鑄鐵的顯微鏡組織由金屬機(jī)體(鐵素體 與 珠光體) 與 片狀石墨所組成,相當(dāng)于在純鐵或鋼的基礎(chǔ)上嵌入了大量石墨片。另外,過去的發(fā)動機(jī)缸蓋多采用鑄鐵材質(zhì),但由于鋁具有更高 的熱傳導(dǎo)性,同時可以減輕發(fā)動機(jī)的重量,因此現(xiàn)在許多發(fā)動機(jī)的缸蓋已經(jīng)采用鑄鋁制造。擰緊氣 缸蓋螺栓時,必須由中央對稱地向四周擴(kuò)展的順序分 2~ 3 次進(jìn)行,最后一次擰緊到規(guī)定的力矩。 氣缸蓋是燃燒室的組成部分,燃燒室的形狀對發(fā)動機(jī)的工作影響很大, 由于汽油機(jī) 與 柴油機(jī)的燃燒方式不同,其氣缸蓋上組成燃燒室的部分差別較大。它散熱良好,冷卻均勻,加工容易,通常只需要精加工內(nèi)表面,而與水接觸的外表面不需要加工,拆裝方便,但缺點(diǎn)是強(qiáng)度、剛度都不如干式氣缸套好,而且容易產(chǎn)生漏水現(xiàn)象。例如捷達(dá)轎車、富康轎車、紅旗轎車所使用的發(fā)動機(jī)均采用這種直列式氣缸體。氣缸體一般用灰鑄鐵鑄成,氣 缸體上部的圓柱形空腔稱為氣缸,下半部為支承曲軸的曲軸箱,其內(nèi)腔為曲軸運(yùn)動的空間。水冷發(fā)動機(jī)冷卻均勻,工作可靠,冷卻效果好,被廣泛地應(yīng)用于現(xiàn)代車用發(fā)動機(jī)。利用循環(huán)水來冷卻燃燒室等高溫部分。隨著科技的進(jìn)步,人們不斷研制出不同用途多種類型的發(fā)動機(jī),但是,不管哪種發(fā)動機(jī),它的基本前提都是要以某種燃料燃燒來產(chǎn)生動力。我們不常見的 火箭 發(fā)動機(jī) 與 飛機(jī)上裝配的噴氣式發(fā)動機(jī)也屬于內(nèi)燃機(jī)。單列式發(fā)動機(jī)各個氣缸排成一列,一般是垂直布置 ,但 是 為了降低高度,有時也把氣缸布置成傾斜的甚至水平 ;雙列式發(fā)動機(jī)把氣缸排成兩列,兩列之間的夾角 180176。使用汽油為燃料 的內(nèi)燃機(jī)稱為汽油機(jī);使用柴油機(jī)為燃料的內(nèi)燃機(jī)稱為柴油機(jī)。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、剛度 與