【正文】 tenure. In addition, today the academic must show evidence of teaching ability. In earlier times, whilst there was no formal assessment of the effectiveness of teaching, primitive informal assessments did exist. Today, with the introduction of mercialization processes into universities, the student has been renamed “the customer”. Because the student/customer is paying for an education, she or he has the right to make a judgment about the “product” being offered. Now student assessments of the lecturer?s performance are based upon anonymous questionnaires, administered by staff development departments of universities. Senior university managers and the people who administer the assessment measures in universities believe in the objectivity, reliability, validity and usefulness of the measurement procedures. Lecturers are more critical saying that four factors undermine the reliability of student responses. First, students must plete a four or five page questionnaire six or more times a year and some students bee more cynical with each questionnaire. Second, the questionnaires are usually pleted late in the semester when many student essays/assignments are due. Thus hasty, sometimes illconsidered assessments are made. Third, one subject may be a first year pulsory course with 200 or more students, whilst another is taken by only ten students, all of whom have chosen the course because it is of interest to them. Such variations undermine the principle of reliability of measurement techniques. Fourth, it is well established in anizational studies that whenever performance measures are introduced an improvement is recorded. One reason for this is that the person being measured is able to manipulate the account of the performance. Academics have been known to introduce strategies such as inflating the marking of student papers, or introducing a lengthy lecture/tutorial break for coffee (paid for by the lecturer). These strategies can produce a positive, but false, image of the lecturer?s teaching ability. Mark the following statements as T (true) or F (false) according to the information in the text. 21. There are pressures on universities to bee less entrepreneurial. 22. University changes are affecting the curriculum, teaching, research and administration. 23. The changes have led to mercialization within universities. 24. Today students are treated more like customers. 4 25. ?If it moves, we measure it? was meant to suggest that promotion to senior management positions in universities are open only to staff in the Mathematics departments. 26. University lecturers have always had to have teaching qualifications. 27. Prior to the current changes, the teaching of university lecturers was not subjected to forms of assessment. 28. Senior university managers have faith in the objectivity and reliability of current assessment techniques. 29. Senior university managers believe that because the assessment measures are valid they are useful. 30. Organizational studies cast no doubt on the effectiveness of assessment measures. Part 2. Read passage 3 and answer questions 3140. Passage 2 Medical Insurance The State Council plans to expand the nation?s pilot program involving the reform of China?s free medicalcare system to some 80 cities this year. The extension is a follow=up to previous work in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, and Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, launched early last year. China established a free medical care system in 1951. State owned institutions and industrial factories were entitled to open welfare accounts to help cover medical expenses of their employees. Medical expenditure has increased. In 1994, medical expenditures for workers nationwide amounted to billion Yuan. IN 1978 the cost was billion Yuan. The experiments have attempted to create a new medical insurance system that integrates ?overall medical funds with personal accounts?. Under the new system institutional and industrial employees pay 1 percent of their monthly salary to set up a personal account for medical expenses. Both capital and interest are set aside for the individual. Units are required to contribute a sum equivalent to about 10 percent of their entire staff?s salaries, about 50 percent or more of which goes into personal accounts for each staff member. The remainder of the money goes to establish an overall medical fund for cases of serious illness. Medical costs will be subtracted first from employees? personal accounts. But for serious ailments or costly medical treatment, the overall medicalinsurance fund will cover the majority of the cost. 21 F 22 T 23 T 24 T 25 F 26 F 27 F 28 T 29 T 30 F Complete the summary by filling in the missing information according to the information from the passage. Because medical care ________(31) have increased from billion Yuan in 1978 to _______(32) in 1994, the medical 5 care system in China, established in 1951, is being restructured. A pilot scheme tried out in two cities, is now being expanded to _______(33) cities. The new scheme is funded from money paid by institutional and industrial ___________(34) and by _______(35). The funding is distributed in two streams. First, each staff member has their own _____(36) medical account. This account pays for initial medical costs. The second stream is the overall medical fund which covers more ______(37) illnesses needing more costly treatments. Funding for the first stream is supplied from the employee?s contributions and from 50 percent of the units? contributions. For cases of _________(38) illness, the __________(39) medical fund is financed from the remaining 50 percent of the units” _______(40). 31 expenditures/costs 32 billion Yuan 33 80 34 employees/workers 35 units 36