【正文】 的密實度，以及地下水的情況等。若是軟弱土層，則加大柱的面積；這種情況下，整個建筑就可采用筏板基礎。 。 建造一幢建筑物一般是從基礎開始到上部結構。據(jù)評定，土層的等級是根據(jù)土分子的大小來劃分，從小到大依次是淤泥、粘土、沙、石子、巖石。在一棟公寓大樓中，例如，當墻和柱隔開 米到 米時，最常見的結構是無梁實心混凝土樓蓋。 第二次世界大戰(zhàn)前，所有的高層建筑都是由鋼骨架建造的。 1 英文原文 Components of A Building and Tall Buildings Andre 1. Abstract Materials and structural forms are bined to make up the various parts of a building, including the loadcarrying frame, skin, floors, and partitions. The building also has mechanical and electrical systems, such as elevators, heating and cooling systems, and lighting systems. The superstructure is that part of a building above ground, and the substructure and foundation is that part of a building below ground. The skyscraper owes its existence to two developments of the 19th century: steel skeleton construction and the passenger elevator. Steel as a construction material dates from the introduction of the Bessemer converter in Eiffel (18321932) introduced steel construction in France. His designs for the Galerie des Machines and the Tower for the Paris Exposition of 1889 expressed the lightness of the steel framework. The Eiffel Tower, 984 feet (300 meters) high, was the tallest structure built by man and was not surpassed until 40 years later by a series of American skyscrapers. Elisha Otis installed the first elevator in a department store in New York in 1889, Eiffel installed the first elevators on a grand scale in the Eiffel Tower, whose hydraulic elevators could transport 2,350 passengers to the summit every hour. 2. LoadCarrying Frame Until the late 19th century, the exterior walls of a building were used as bearing walls to support the floors. This construction is essentially a post and lintel type, and it is still used in frame construction for houses. Bearingwall construction limited the height of building because of the enormous wall thickness required； for instance, the 16story Monadnock Building built in the 1880’s in Chicago had walls 5 feet ( meters) thick at the lower floors. In 1883, William Le Baron Jenney (18321907) supported floors on castiron columns to form a cagelike construction. Skeleton construction, consisting of steel beams and columns, was first used in 1889. As a consequence of skeleton construction, the enclosing walls bee a “curtain wall” rather than serving a supporting function. Masonry was the curtain wall material until the 1930’s, when light metal and glass curtain walls were used. After the introduction of 2 buildings continued to increase rapidly. All tall buildings were built with a skeleton of steel until World War Ⅱ . After the war, the shortage of steel and the improved quality of concrete led to tall building being built of reinforced concrete. Marina Tower (1962) in Chicago is the tallest concrete building in the United States； its height—588 feet (179 meters)—is exceeded by the 650foot (198meter) Post Office Tower in London and b